Funeral Service Thanatology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Funeral Service Thanatology - Research Paper Example †¢ Whether or not the person was expected to die at that point or not, i.e. how much notice the bereaved person had in order to prepare themselves, to say their goodbyes, to make arrangements. The circumstances will also affect this , for example if a person commits suicide or is murdered this is obviously more traumatic than if someone very elderly just fades away peacefully. †¢ Their religious faith or lack of it. This may depends not so much on belief as whether or not they regularly attend a place of worship as to the fact that if they do so they will have a strong social support system in place. †¢ The amount of support available to them. Restricted social support tends to produce more problems, as Clute points out with regard to those who have underdeveloped systems of support. ( Clute, 2007) . The loss of someone close can be devastating. People deal with this in many different ways. Anxiety is a natural response - part of humanity’s ‘fight or flight’ response to difficulties. As described by Worden, the biological response to loss is aggression. (2002, page 9) It is a heightening of senses as described by Mind 2012. This reflex results in high levels of adrenaline being released which causes several physical results – an increase in oxygen levels as the heart rate rises in an attempt to get oxygen where the body feels it is needed in order to flee danger. There is a corresponding reduction in appetite as blood is moved away from the digestive system into the muscles. The person can become twitchy, making nervous movements and refusing even necessary food, perhaps even becoming nauseated. They cannot concentrate or relax, so this physical difference makes an emotional impact. Death, even if it was expected, means a loss of control. This will be particularly profound in someone who already has little control over the situation and its implications upon their future. This is

Foreign exchange Essay Example for Free

Foreign exchange Essay As mentioned above, there was a significantly high supply of money in the United States, which characteristically led to depreciation of the United States dollar. In addition, the period was characterized by a high rate of inflation, implying that considerably larger sums of money would be used in buying commodities that would have been bought inexpensively in the earlier period (Atkinson and Hutto). On the international scale, the high cost of United States commodities meant that importers had to pay lots of money to acquire the goods, which ultimately lowered the level of international trade between the United States and other countries (Table 3). Consequently, the United States dollar fluctuated against other world currencies such as the Japanese yen, the Sterling Pound, Chinese yuan and the Australian dollar (Atkinson and Hutto). For instance, the Sterling Pound exchanged at between $1. 9548 and $2. 0442 in 2007 (Table 3), which was a very large variation. period Australia (dollar) Canada (dollar) China, P. R.(yuan) EMU Members (euro) Japan (yen) Mexico (peso) South Korea (won) Sweden (krona) Switzerland (franc) United Kingdom (pound) 2000. .5815 1. 4855 8. 2784 . 9232 107. 80 9. 459 1,130. 90 9. 1735 1. 6904 1. 5156 2001 . 5169 1. 5487 8. 2770 . 8952 121. 57 9. 337 1,292. 02 10. 3425 1. 6891 1. 4396 2002 . 5437 1. 5704 8. 2771 . 9454 125. 22 9. 663 1,250. 31 9. 7233 1. 5567 1. 5025 2003 . 6524 1. 4008 8. 2772 1. 1321 115. 94 10. 793 1,192. 08 8. 0787 1. 3450 1. 6347 2004 . 7365 1. 3017 8. 2768 1. 2438 108. 15 11. 290 1,145. 24 7. 3480 1. 2428 1. 8330 2005 . 7627 1. 2115 8. 1936 1. 2449 110. 11 10. 894 1,023. 75 7. 4710 1. 2459 1. 8204 2006 . 7535 1. 1340 7. 9723 1. 2563 116. 31 10. 906 954. 32 7. 3718 1. 2532 1. 8434 2007 . 8391 1. 0734 7. 6058 1. 3711 117. 76 10. 928 928. 97 6. 7550 1. 1999 2. 0020 2007: I. .7865 1. 1718 7. 7582 1. 3109 119. 33 11. 024 938. 98 7. 0089 1. 2330 1. 9548 II. .8316 1. 0983 7. 6784 1. 3484 120. 80 10. 878 928. 69 6. 8641 1. 2221 1. 9862 III. .8471 1. 0456 7. 5578 1. 3748 117. 74 10. 965 927. 27 6. 7402 1. 1986 2. 0213 IV. .8898 . 9811 7. 4336 1. 4482 113. 23 10. 849 921. 26 6. 4148 1. 1468 2. 0442 2008: I. .9058 1. 0039 7. 1590 1. 5007 105. 17 10. 803 956. 12 6. 2668 1. 0670 1. 9790 II. .9435 1. 0099 6. 9578 1. 5625 104. 62 10. 428 1,017. 02 5. 9862 1. 0316 1. 9712 III . 8879 1. 0411 6. 8375 1. 5030 107. 58 10. 328 1,064. 56 6. 3175 1. 0734 1. 8924 Table 3: Foreign exchange rates between 2000 and 2008 Source: Modified from GPO Access The strong dollar against the yen between 2001 and 2002, which was the beginning of the Bush administration, discouraged importation by Japan from the United States (Atkinson and Hutto). At the same time, citizens of the United States opted to import valuable items such as automobiles at the expense of the locally manufactured ones, thus putting the United States automobile industry in the quagmire in which it is today (OECD). The consequence of this is that major competitors such as the Japanese automakers have adversely affected local automakers such as Ford, and the whole industry has been earmarked for revival in the Economic Stimulus Package (OECD). Interest rates Government bond yields and interest rates generally declined between 2000 and 2008. For instance, the value of bills at auction declined steadily from $ 5. 85 to $1. 01 in 2003, but steadily rose from $1. 38 to $4. 73 in 2006 (GPO Access). The low price of bonds meant that banks were in a position to purchase more government bonds, thus diverting their attention from other financial service users such as borrowers (Crutsinger and Aversa). Ultimately, banks were forced to impose high interest rates on the loans they offered to the public, implying that most small business holders and individuals were crippled by a massive credit crunch (Crutsinger and Aversa). The ensuing credit crunch adversely affected the United States economy particularly towards the ends of the end of the Bush administration (Crutsinger and Aversa). Banks were most affected by the financial woes and this necessitated the Bush administration to consider taking ownership of various banks in a bid to protect them from collapsing (Crutsinger and Aversa). This move was however also ill planned, as it would result in unnecessary government expenditure, resulting into higher inflation in the United States (Hanke). In addition, there was no assurance that with the government’s acquisition of the banks, their performance would improve (Hanke). Conclusion. Even though the world witnessed a massive economic recession, the woes in the United States stemmed from the fact that the Bush administration spent excessively on the war in Iraq and Afghanistan, which generally weakened the performance of most local institutions. The underperformance in various sectors was shown in high rates of unemployment, high inflation, fluctuating levels of money supply and foreign exchange rates as well as high bank interest rates. The combined effect of the various phenomena led to a crisis in the entire United States economy, thus making the Bush administration one of the worst leaderships of the United States. References Atkinson Robert D and Julie Hutto 18October 2004. Bush vs. Clinton: An Economic Performance Index. 10 March 2009. http://www. ppionline. org/ppi_ci. cfm? knlgAreaID=107subsecID=295contentID=252964 Crutsinger, Martin and Aversa, Jeannine 8 October 2008. Bush administration mulls bank stakes. 10 March 2009. http://www. freep. com/article/20081008/BUSINESS07/81008120/1015/BUSINESS02/Bush+administration+mulls+bank+stakes Curl, Joseph. 23 Oct. 2008 McCain lambastes Bush years. 10 March 2009. http://www. washingtontimes. com/news/2008/oct/23/mccain-lambastes-bush-years/ GPO Access . Civilian unemployment rate. 10 March 2009. http://www. gpoaccess. gov/eop/2009/B42. xls GPO Access . Money stock and debt measures, 1965–2008. 10 March 2009 http://www. gpoaccess. gov/eop/2009/B69. xls GPO Access. Bond yields and interest rates, 1929–2008. 10 March 2009. http://www. gpoaccess. gov/eop/2009/B73. xls GPO Access. Changes in consumer price indexes for commodities and services, 1929–2007. 10 March 2009. http://www. gpoaccess. gov/eop/2009/B64. xls GPO Access. Foreign exchange rates, 1985–2008. 10 March 2009. http://www. gpoaccess. gov/eop/2009/B110. xls. Hanke, Steve H. September 24, 2008 The Bush Legacy: Deflation or Inflation? 10 March 2009. http://www. cato. org/pub_display. php? pub_id=9663 Irwin, Neil and Eggen, Dan. 12 Jan. 2009. The Washington Post. Economy Made Few Gains in Bush Years: Eight-Year Period Is Weakest in Decades. http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-dyn/content/story/2009/01/12/ST2009011200359. html National Organization for Women. 27 August 2004. Bushs Economic Failure Weakens Middle Class, Deepens Poverty and Harms Women and Families. 10 March 2009. http://www. now. org/press/08-04/08-27. html OECD. Macroeconomic indicators. 10 March 2009. http://stats. oecd. org/mei/default. asp? lang=esubject=15country=USA Robinson, Woodward, Gellman. Timeline: Bushs Eight Years in Office. 10 March 2009. http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-srv/politics/bush/legacy/timeline Shi, Leiyu and Stevens Gregory D. Vulnerable Populations in the United States. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2004 The High Cost of Health Care. 25 November 2007. The New York Times. 10 March 2009. http://www. nytimes. com/2007/11/25/opinion/25sun1. html? _r=1 United states Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics. 10 March 2009 http://www. bls. gov/.

George Washingtons Life :: essays research papers fc

George Washington was born on February 22, 1732 in Westmoreland County, Virginia. George Washington inherited much more than a good mind and a strong body. He belonged to an old colonial family that believed in hard work, public service and in worshiping God. Washington's father, Augustine Washington was born in 1694 and died in 1743. He had four children with his first wife, Jane Butler Washington. She died in 1729. In March 1731, Augustine married Mary Ball. She was George's mother. Mary was born in 1709 and died in 1789. Some people think of George Washington as a young boy who chopped down a cherry tree. Some also think he could throw coins across the Rappahannock River. Many people laugh when they think of his false teeth. Almost everybody believes that he was the first president of our country. Only one of these facts are true. Washington did have false teeth. His false teeth were made of whale bone and deer antlers. He never chopped down a cherry tree, and unless his pitching arm was better than that of any professional baseball player, he could have never thrown anything across the river. The most startling fact is that he wasn't even the first president. Our first president was John Hanson. He was elected president of the thirteen states in the Confederation. After Hanson, there were more before Washington. There was Elias Boudinot, Thomas Mifflin, Richard Henery and Cyrus Griffin. At the age of 17, Washington began traveling across rivers, mountains and Indian trails to remote parts of Virginia. He learned to survive in the wilderness. When Washington was 20, his brother Lawrence died and Washington became the owner of Mount Vernon. At the age of 21, he fought heroically in the French and Indian War which raged in Canada. He began his military career in late 1752 as an adjutant for the Virginia Military. After that he became a British officer in the French Indian War. In 1775, he was almost killed while serving as an aide to General Edward Braddock. Three years later, Washington was elected to the Virginia House of Burgeses. He then served as Justice of the Peace for Fairfay County. He resigned from the military with the rank of Colonel. As a young man, Washington was a romantic. He fell in love many times. He was rejected twice before he met the woman he finally married.

Healthcare Technology Essay

In such a short period of time we have seen the healthcare industry go from paper tracking to technological tracking. We continue to see healthcare care drastically each year. The article I am reviewing is an article put out by Forbes in the beginning of 2013. Even though we have seen the many transformations when it comes to technology and healthcare, this article touches on five, which I will talk about more here shortly. It is an amazing idea that potentially five years from now that we could be totally paperless in the healthcare world. Four years ago the IT departments of healthcare had a mere $343 million invested considering the potential of what was to come (Forbes, Lee 2013). Since then venture capitalists have tripled their investments into the health care IT and sunk $955 million (Forbes, Lee 2013). The article expresses that the federal government is even going to be sinking some major money into hospitals and medical offices to digitize health care. It all comes to a ver y good point mentioned in the article. â€Å"All of these VCs are now starting to put money into the space. And as we start getting some big wins, we’re going to see this accelerate,† said Aza Raskin, cofounder of Massive Health — a startup developing a mobile app to encourage healthier eating and other health-related tools — in an interview with Fast Company. â€Å"The smartest minds of our generation shouldn’t be working on getting us more addicted to Facebook or Twitter; they should be working on helping us get — and stay — healthy† (Forbes, Lee 2013). What would people think when they are told that a machine helped their doctor figure out their diagnosis and the best possible treatment for them? Most will think it is absolute craziness, right? Funny that is brought up because researchers with the IBM corporation are currently developing a state of the art computer system that will take a doctors data and come up with the best possible outcome of a diagnosis would be for the patient. They are calling this major technological advancement Watson, and known to the medical field as Dr. Watson (Forbes, Lee 2013). This machine will be able to not only help assess the projected diagnosis of a patient, but also to keep tabs on a patients history, and allow the doctors to keep up with the latest and greatest abilities to treat patients. How often have we all been at work and have had to deal with someone that spoke a language we were unable to understand or speak for that matter? In the medical field it is  hard to track down one person i n a hospital that can speak Cantonese, Russian, German, Japanese, or many other languages that are less frequented in our day to day lives. Well, welcome Omnifluent Health! This product was developed by the Science Applications International Corporation, or the SAIC, to help with translation process in the healthcare field (Forbes, Lee 2013). This is a huge step considering doctors could just whip out there cell phones and ask a question into the microphone and get a quick translation. We would be able to break the language barrier between patients and healthcare workers. We have so many social media sites on the web now a days. Facebook, MySpace, LinkedIn, Twitter, G Plus, and many others. That is how we stay connected to friends and family. Now physicians have a â€Å"physicians only† media site that will allow them to contact one another in regards to taking better care of their patients. It is called Doximity (Forbes, Lee 2013). The funding for the project is at $27 million currently (Forbes, Lee 2013). I hate to have to sit in an ER for hours on end in the middle of the night to be seen for a rapid asthma onset, or with a child running a high fever and vomiting just to be told that there are over the counter remedies available at the 24 hour big box retail giant less than 10 miles away. It would be nice to be able to pop into a chat, or call where I can talk to a healthcare professional about what is going on and have a response without having to get out of a comforting place, like home, and sit for hours in a cold ER waiting room. There is now a system that gives patients the opportunity to have a medical consultation via phone or online. It is a startup company out of New York City called Sherpaa (Forbes, Le e 2013). If you were to type in â€Å"diet apps† in your Google Play Store tons of apps would pop up that are there to help you count calories, track weight loss, track exercise time and calories burned, and so on and so forth. One that the article talks about it Fitbit. It is a pedometer that tracks the sleeping patterns and activities of a person (Forbes, Lee 2013). Another one it talks about is Lark. Lark is a silent alarm clock and sleep monitor that tracks and analyzes the quality of sleep a person gets over time (Forbes, Lee 2013). In this day of technological advances there is no surprise at the countless ones that are in place in regards to the health care industry. With the amount of change from paper charting to digitized charting methods, egg timers on when med  pass is compared to computer pop ups, from easy access to patients meds to secured sign in procedures to acquire the meds, and from sitting in a waiting room for countless hours on end to picking up your phone and making a quick call is all proof that it has been time for a change in medical technology for a long time now. We are entering a new time for health care and to some, it is the era of Health 2.0 (Forbes, Lee 2013) References Lee, Ellen (2013). 5 Ways Technology Is Transforming Health Care. http://www.forbes.com/sites/bmoharrisbank/2013/01/24/5-ways-technology-is-transforming-health-care/

Child Development Not Following Expected Pattern

UNDERSTAND CHILD AND YOUNG PERSONS DEVELOPMENT Unit 022 Outcome 3 Understand how to monitor children and young people’s development and interventions that should take place if this is not following the expected pattern 2 Explain the reasons why children and young people’s development may not follow the expected pattern There are many reasons and factors why a child is not following the expected pattern of development. For example the child may be emotionally unsettled due to a number of reasons. Family life plays a significant part in a child’s development.If for instance the child is living with parents who constantly argue and fight this will have an effect on the child and cause stress. Also if the child is from a one parent family there may be difficulties as a parent trying to juggle everything on their own may not have as much time to spend nurturing and boosting a child’s development. The child may be at a disadvantage environmentally due to poor ho using or area in which they live. If a house is poorly heated the child may experience bad health due to dampness. Or the child may be living in cramp conditions and unable to play and explore so easily.Not so well off families may be living in poorer areas with little access to amenities which can cause stress to parents which will affect the child’s development. Some children have a poor diet and this can affect their growth and thus affect the physical side of development. There have been many studies on diet and its effects and results have shown that a child who has a nutritious and healthy diet achieves more in life. It is difficult for a family on a low income to promote a healthy diet for their child and thus can result in poorer health and physical issues.Also some children’s genetic code may affect the pattern in which they develop. This could mean that they are slower to develop but no reason is found. There are also cultural issues that may affect a childâ €™s development. Families differ from one to another and the way a child is brought up will also differ from one to another. What one family may deem to be ok another would disagree. For example one family may allow their child more freedom and let them play outside in the street whereas another would keep the child in the confines of the garden only.This is also true in the case of an older child for instance a teenager. One may be allowed the independence and freedom of coming in late and another is not. All these decisions made by parents and carers can affect their child’s development. A child may be prevented from developing by a disability. This may also affect the child in several areas of development. A child with a physical disability may not have much movement and will be unable to join in with outdoor games and sports.However with the right support and equipment the child will be able to participate so early intervention is vital for the child’s physical and emotional wellbeing. 2 There are many reasons why a child may have learning difficulties. The child may have had difficulties at birth or the problems may be genetic. Having a learning difficulty will affect development in a child. The child may need one to one help with reading, writing and arithmetic and support with other activities. Such children may find it hard to interact with other children and may also develop low self-esteem as they struggle academically.The level of a child’s communication skills can have an effect on most areas of development. If a child is struggling with communication and language they may get upset easily and start behaving negatively. This will cause the child to get frustrated and unable to complete tasks set for them. Lack of concentration in certain activities may be a problem too leaving the child unable to take in the information needed to finish the school work. For the child to read and write good communication skills are also need ed.

Merchant of Venice essays

Merchant of Venice essays In the Merchant of Venice, there are many differences and similarities. The three topics to compare and contrast are; characters including Antonio vs. Shylock, theme which is love vs. business, and setting such as Belmont vs. Venice. First, the characters Antonio and Shylock both have similarities and differences. Their similarities they share are to seek fortune; they both love money, and they both are moneylenders. In contrast, Shylock seems to love his money more then Antonio does. In the scene when Jessica ran away, she stole some of her fathers gold and jewels. Shylock was upset with his daughter Jessica for leaving but at the same time he was upset that his gold and jewels were gone. Similarly, Shylock and Antonio are both moneylenders, which is lending money to people who are in need. However, Antonio and Shylock have different ways in lending out their money. Shylock earns profit when he lends out his money and receives interest from the money he lends, but Antonio thinks its wrong making interest since it goes against his Christian religion. Another similarity is that they both care about there loved ones. Antonio shows that he loves Bassanio when he sacrifices his own flesh and Shylock shows that he lo ves Jessica when she runs away and Shylock develops sorrowful feelings that his daughter ran away. Another difference between Antonio and Shylock is that Antonio hates Jews, and Shylock is a Jew. Shylock is proud to be Jewish and resents Christianity. Antonio is a Christian and as a result, conflict of interest is why they have such hatred for one another. Also, another difference is that Antonio loves his family more then his money and Shylock loves his family but at the same time loves his money just as much. In conclusion, Antonio and Shylock both have similarities and difference. Second, love and business have always been thought of being opposites, but in the Merchant of Venice they have their similarities and...

The First Review of Van Goghs Paintings

The First Review of Van Gogh's Paintings The very first art critic to review Van Goghs paintings was Albert Aurier (1865-1892), and it happened during Van Goghs Lifetime. Aurier was a painter himself, as well as an art critic. Aurier was passionate about Symbolism, then an emerging art movement. His review, Les Isolà ©s: Vincent van Gogh, was published in January 1890, on pages 24-29 of the magazine Mercure de France. This was a magazine read at the time by everyone with an interest in modern art.1 In it, Aurier aligned Van Goghs art with the nascent Symbolist movement and highlight[ed] the originality and intensity of his artistic vision.2 In his review Aurier described Van Gogh as the only painter he knew who perceives the coloration of things with such intensity, with such a metallic, gem-like quality, his work as intense and feverish, his brushstrokes as fiery, very powerful, his palette as dazzling, and said his technique matched his artistic temperament: vigorous and intense. (Full review, in French.) Aurier also published a shortened version under the title Vincent van Gogh in L’Art Moderne on 19 January 1890.4. Vincent van Gogh wrote a letter3 to Aurier in February 1890 to thank him for the review. Thank you very much for your article in the Mercure de France, which greatly surprised me. I like it very much as a work of art in itself, I feel that you create colors with your words; anyway, I rediscover my canvases in your article, but better than they really are - richer, more significant. Van Gogh then goes on to deprecate himself: However, I feel ill at ease when I reflect that what you say should be applied to others rather than to me and right at the end he gives instructions about how Aurier would do well to varnish the study hed sent him. Source:1. History of the Publication of Van Gogh Letters, Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam2. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Vincent van Gogh, Metropolitan Museum of Art3. Letter to Albert Aurier by Vincent van Gogh, written either 9 or 10 February 1890. Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam4. Notes to Letter 845 from Jo van Gogh-Bonger to Vincent van Gogh, 29 January 1890. Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam

How to Make Napalm B - Chemical Synthesis of Gelled Sol

How to Make Napalm B - Chemical Synthesis of Gelled Sol Napalm is the name given to any jellied form of gasoline or other flammable petroleum. It is used for circumstances where the liquid is too hard to apply or else wont stay where it is placed.  Napalm B, more usually just called napalm, is an example of a gelled sol. This easy napalm synthesis is an interesting introduction to sols and gels. Materials 35 g polystyrene (e.g., Styrofoam or other polystyrene foam, used for insulated cups and packing peanuts)100 ml gasolinematches or a lighter Procedure Break the polystyrene into small chunks. Sometimes you can find polystyrene foam beads, which will work fine without any additional processing.Pour 100 ml of gasoline into a glass container, such as a 250 ml beaker. Any similar-size glass container is fine.Stir in the polystyrene, a little at a time. The polystyrene foam will fizz and seem to dissolve, although this really is the formation of the gelled sol.When all of the polystyrene has been added, there should be no remaining liquid gasoline. The glass container will contain a semi-rigid sol. Observations and Experimentation with Napalm and the Gelled Sol In an outdoor location, away from heat or flame, invert the container of gelled sol. Notice that it will resist flowing out of the container. Although the sol is a liquid, it behaves like a solid in that it maintains its form.If the sol does not fall out of the glass container, gently tap it to dislodge it. Note the characteristics of Napalm B that make it a gelled sol.On a fire-safe surface, ignite the napalm. If you like, compare the combustion of napalm with the combustion of 100 ml of gasoline. Safety This project is best performed outdoors since gasoline vapors are volatile and toxic. Wear protective goggles and gloves to protect yourself from the splashing of the liquid. Use care when igniting the napalm. Its advisable to have a fire extinguisher handy. This project is intended for mature chemistry students. Keep all materials away from children and pets. Reference: Robert Bruce Thompson, Illustrated Guide to Home Chemistry Experiments All Lab, No Lecture (2008) OReilly, pp. 326-329.

How to Use Marketing Strategy to Improve Sunform Supermarket's Dissertation

How to Use Marketing Strategy to Improve Sunform Supermarket's Performance - Dissertation Example This essay stresses that a business should first focus its attention on nurturing, retaining and growing its existing customers before planning to spend more on new customers. Satisfying existing customers is critical in order to enhance its sales. To achieve this objective, it should understand its customer psychology to gain knowledge of what they want and how they want it. only then it will be able to deliver the most value point to its customers. This paper makes a conclusion that Since it is not practical to deliver the same product to all the customers belonging to different groups, it is better to divide the market into different segments, then evaluate each segment’s attractiveness, select target segment having more profit potential, identify positioning concept for each target and then effectively communicate and deliver the chosen positioning concept to target customers. This will create an image for the business in the minds of customers, which in turn will grant it market ownership in the future. After segmenting and targeting the largest customer group, Marketing Mix should be used to improve its performance and customer satisfaction level. By strategically applying the product, place, price and promotion tactics into the business, and by communicating effectively those promotions, it can influence customer’s choice and reach its ultimate goal of increased sales followed by high profits.

Article analysis Negotiation Without a Net Essay

Article analysis Negotiation Without a Net - Essay Example 4) as well as special communication skill such as empathic listening and active listening (p. 5). The strategic considerations of the negotiation process described in the article bear much similarity to business negotiations. For instance, police negotiations are goal-directed (p. 4). The negotiator has to remember the goal in order to modify tactics and strategies. Secondly, as suggested in the case of suicide negotiations (p. 7), it is essential that both sides feel that not negotiating is the worst option. This reflects the importance of a win-win approach to negotiation. An interesting insight provided into the structure of the negotiation process is that negotiation can be conducted as â€Å"a series of small agreements (p. 4).† This helps to set milestones to what might be a tedious process. It also helps to build trust and commitment to build the relationship. Another important strategic insight into the techniques of negotiation is that by engaging with one another, the negotiators can extract useful information about one another and use it to their strategic adva ntage. This has been referred to as mirroring (p. 5). Finally, the importance of teamwork is highlighted in the article as a vital means of ensuring the success of the negotiation. Negotiating can be a tiring and stressful process; hence, the presence of a team with specialized roles can help to make the process efficient (p. 6). Personal characteristics and behaviours of the negotiators are also analyzed in this article. For instance, it is suggested that the negotiator should have maximum control over emotions while not ignoring their existence (p. 6). This holds similarity with the theory of emotional intelligence where self-awareness and control are emphasized for successful communication. Secondly, it is important for the negotiators to detach their personal self from the situation. This helps them to avoid taking

Wage Setting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Wage Setting - Assignment Example The hijackers might be impersonating as accident victims and when truck drivers help them, in return they hijack the trucks. Truck hijackers might even gain unauthorized entrance into areas where trucks are parked; they might kill the person responsible for the security of the trucks and then hijack the truck and escape with them. Ans. 12 The act of checking or going through the file of the victim is one of the activities that are considered necessary while an officer of a robbery case conducts a follow-up of the case. This action is considered as necessary to cheek whether the same victim has been a victim of the case of robbery before or whether he has reported such crimes against him in the past. This action is considered necessary to match the previous crimes of robbery to the current crime of robbery in which the victim is same. This is done to find similarities between old and new cases and whether a new robber has committed the crime or the victim has been robbed for more than once by the same criminal. The act of checking past records can even help figure out whether the victim himself is connected in the crime as individuals report such crimes to conduct various frauds such as insurance frauds. Chapter 14 Ans. 1 There are various dimensions of the crime of burglary, this crime is mostly witnessed in residences and this crime is witnessed or experienced after every 15 seconds in different areas. The average loss experienced by a residence due to this crime is calculated at $1,381 and the average loss experienced by nonresidential or commercial settings is calculated at $1,615 (Swanson, 2012). Out of all the cases of burglaries, 64% of the criminals conduct a forced entry; this means that the criminal uses forceful ways of entering into the target settings. Investigations have figured out that when the crime is committed in residential setting, the criminal makes an entry from the front, where as in the case of commercial settings, the criminal makes a b ack door entry. These crimes are mostly conducted when the setting or the property is not in use by the property owners or the people who live or work over there. It is even witnessed that residential settings are mostly subjected to this crime during day time and commercial settings mostly experience this crime during late hours. The rate of this crime does not vary according to different months and seasons, and the cases of this criminal act are very difficult to solve. Ans. 8 There are various signs at the crime scene that differentiate a crime of burglary conducted by a professional burglar and the same crime committed by an armature or a juvenile. In case of juvenile burglars, juvenile burglars do not conduct ample amount of planning before they make their move, they are easily arrested as compared to professional burglars, they mostly conduct crimes in shape of groups and teams and do not strike in areas or setting where they can obtain high amount of return, they might end up making mistakes such as killing members in the residence if they are confronted by household members as they are quite confused and afraid and have a quite heavy arrest history. Juvenile burglars mostly steal portable assets and assets that are easy to move such as radio, mobile phones, gaming consoles and cash. Ans. 11 Information and leads about a particular residential or a commercial setting and what can be found in these settings is obtained by burglars through various sources.

Critically discuss the ways in which technology has made globalization Essay

Critically discuss the ways in which technology has made globalization possible - Essay Example Therefore we can integration perspective to define globalization as a process of integration, which can take international form depending with the stakeholders and the purpose of integration, which arises from interchange and/or exchange of ideas, views and aspects of culture and socialization, products and the holistic human development in relation to the external world (Boudreaux, 2008, 2). Technology on the other hand can be defined as implementation of an idea, thought or invention in the process of making, modifying and using of techniques in relation to knowledge of tools and machines in order to solve a prevailing problem or condition. Technology seeks to improve existing tools, crafts or machines to a new set of efficient ones; systematically analyse the methods of organization to achieve a certain predefined goal, and/ or evaluate an applied input/ output model relations in order to perform a specific function (Macintosh, 2011, 4). The diversity of human knowledge and the ne ed to solve emerging issues in daily activities has necessitated techno-progressivism, a stance of active support for the convergence of technological change in a bid to merge it with socio-economic changes. In addition the need by the human species to convert natural resources into simple tools and applications was followed by the innovations and critical thinking that was necessitated by the need for â€Å"leisure class† and to control the environment that one is in. From this we can deduce that globalization has been propagated by the need to human species to understand; control, comprehend, integrate and to some point analyse the external environment with an aim of being part of it. In this paper we shall critically analyse the ways in which inventions, innovations and technological/industrial revolutions have made globalization possible; evaluation of its impacts on cultures and cultural exchange, international trade, health, and global workforce, and evaluate drawbacks of technology. Innovations and Industrial Revolution Industrial revolution in this sense can be viewed in form of rate at which innovations in science and technology have helped in transition to new manufacturing processes; mechanization of traditional methods of production from manual to machinery, the effects of global output as a result of this increased productivity, and the analysis of major turning points in our daily activities. For instance, innovations to improved efficiency of water power and new chemical manufacturing in industries have improved textile production, improved economies of scale in blast furnaces in smelting and production of iron related commodities through substitution of coke by coal which is cheaper and more effective, and advancement from steam engines to petro-driven and atomic energy sources that have revolutionized industrial operations. This has led to increase in output due to economies of scale, increased profitability and expansion of firms which has necessitated international trade; a prerequisite for integration and globalization through exchange of ideas, goods and skills across nations. Technology and Communication As discussed earlier, globalization involves exchange of ideas,

Bluetooth technology Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bluetooth technology - Term Paper Example Bluetooth is another way of transmitting signals from a device to another without the use of wires. Hence, Bluetooth is used as an open wireless protocol in the exchange of data over small distances, from fixed and mobile resources and creating personal area network. Bluetooth can link numerous devices as it can overcome difficulties associated with synchronization. Bluetooth technology signals pass through walls, doors, windows and it can reach many wireless devices connected to it provided they are on its way of travel. It is also used in internet sharing in a case where both devices are Bluetooth installed. In order to make use of Bluetooth technology one has to ensure that Bluetooth is running and this is indicated by an icon that appears on the system tray. In most Windows operators, it is found in the control panel. There are various ways in which electronic devices with Bluetooth technology can be linked to one another. This can occur with component cables, Ethernet cables, infrared signals, Wi-Fi and electrical cables. Bluetooth networking technology transfers data using low power radio waves. It usually communicates on a frequency, which is approximately 2.45 gigahertz according to Palanivelu/nakkeeran (78). This frequency has been agreed on internationally for the purpose of industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) devices use. Various devices have been able to make use of this radio frequency band. Bluetooth is able to support data speeds of approximately 721 Kbps and three voice channels at the same time. The modules of Bluetooth can be built into the electronic devices or it can be used as an adaptor. For instance in the case of a personal computer they can be inbuilt as a PC card or attached externally through the USB port. Each device has possessed a unique 48-bit address, which is given by the IEEE 802 standard whereby the connection

Critically discuss the ways in which technology has made globalization Essay

Critically discuss the ways in which technology has made globalization possible - Essay Example Therefore we can integration perspective to define globalization as a process of integration, which can take international form depending with the stakeholders and the purpose of integration, which arises from interchange and/or exchange of ideas, views and aspects of culture and socialization, products and the holistic human development in relation to the external world (Boudreaux, 2008, 2). Technology on the other hand can be defined as implementation of an idea, thought or invention in the process of making, modifying and using of techniques in relation to knowledge of tools and machines in order to solve a prevailing problem or condition. Technology seeks to improve existing tools, crafts or machines to a new set of efficient ones; systematically analyse the methods of organization to achieve a certain predefined goal, and/ or evaluate an applied input/ output model relations in order to perform a specific function (Macintosh, 2011, 4). The diversity of human knowledge and the ne ed to solve emerging issues in daily activities has necessitated techno-progressivism, a stance of active support for the convergence of technological change in a bid to merge it with socio-economic changes. In addition the need by the human species to convert natural resources into simple tools and applications was followed by the innovations and critical thinking that was necessitated by the need for â€Å"leisure class† and to control the environment that one is in. From this we can deduce that globalization has been propagated by the need to human species to understand; control, comprehend, integrate and to some point analyse the external environment with an aim of being part of it. In this paper we shall critically analyse the ways in which inventions, innovations and technological/industrial revolutions have made globalization possible; evaluation of its impacts on cultures and cultural exchange, international trade, health, and global workforce, and evaluate drawbacks of technology. Innovations and Industrial Revolution Industrial revolution in this sense can be viewed in form of rate at which innovations in science and technology have helped in transition to new manufacturing processes; mechanization of traditional methods of production from manual to machinery, the effects of global output as a result of this increased productivity, and the analysis of major turning points in our daily activities. For instance, innovations to improved efficiency of water power and new chemical manufacturing in industries have improved textile production, improved economies of scale in blast furnaces in smelting and production of iron related commodities through substitution of coke by coal which is cheaper and more effective, and advancement from steam engines to petro-driven and atomic energy sources that have revolutionized industrial operations. This has led to increase in output due to economies of scale, increased profitability and expansion of firms which has necessitated international trade; a prerequisite for integration and globalization through exchange of ideas, goods and skills across nations. Technology and Communication As discussed earlier, globalization involves exchange of ideas,

Overview of HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Overview of HRM - Essay Example As this research shall argue, however, contrary to the popular assumption that compensation schemes are the primary method for doing so, it is the collectivity of HR functions which impinge upon, and have the potential to transform the mentioned culture. In other words, while one cannot deny the fundamental role which compensation plays in affecting employee motivation levels, enhancing organisational commitment and, ultimately, transforming the dominant organisational culture, it would be fallacious and, consequently, indefensible to ignore a host of other HRM practices which, taken as a collectivity, effectively modify organisational culture and increase employees' commitment. This section introduces several perspectives of HRM in both the U.S. society and the Western European society. In the management research literature in the United States of America, scholars are more concerned about the functions and roles played by HRM. The function of HRM has experienced an evolutionary process in business organisations. It used to be reactive, operational, and domestic. It was 'personnel management'. After 1990s, human capital has become more and more important due to the emergence of the new economy. Both researchers and practitioners have realized the strategic role played by HRM. The resource-based theory (Barney, 2001) looks within the firm itself. This suggests human assets are one of the major sources bringing about core competence for the business organisations; HRM thus becomes an important issue. Huselid (1995; 1998) propose High Performance Work Practices (HPWP), Pfeiffer (1994) propose the best practice models. From American literature on HRM, one can see the strong inclination of universalism, the optimism on human potential development. The European scholars, however, are more concerned about the contextual factors shaping the HRM practices of companies. According to Brewster (1996), the societal culture, ownership structures, government attitude to foreign investment, the roles of union are major factors determining HRM policies and practices in context-specific situations. Such perspective helps to understand the unique situations and differences between nations in their HRM practices as well as how MNCs try to adapt to local practices. In international business literature, Evans, Tayeb (2001) argue that human resource management makes contribution to organisational performance by playing three roles. The basic role is building the foundations of attracting, motivating and retaining people in place. The second role is realigning it to the environmental change and reconfiguring the different elements as time evolves. As the competition becomes fierce and

Two Separate Levels of Governance at a Teaching Hospital Essay Example for Free

Two Separate Levels of Governance at a Teaching Hospital Essay Dr. Darrick Kent (2007) is an assistant professor of family medicine, director of curriculum and head of medical information systems at a teaching hospital with a popular residency training program.   The hospital has two hundred and seventy beds with faculty and residents making approximately five hundred and sixty bedside patient visits every week.   According to Dr. Kent, the organizational size of his hospital – with approximately two hundred and ten people working on different shifts during each month – is substantial enough for him to try out new methods of governance as in charge of the medical information systems.    In other words, he would like to ease the governance of the facility by all means with the use of latest technology. As an example, Dr. Kent has introduced the Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) to all members of the faculty as well as residents at the hospital.   According to him, it was necessary to introduce the PDA to the residents and faculty members across the facility.   He knew that his â€Å"colleagues† would benefit from the PDA that makes it easier for everybody to communicate across the facility, and is also loaded with trusted references (Kent).   Because of his decision, the facility is currently using its annual budget for electronic medical references from Skyscrape Inc.   These references are the same as the actual books written by some of the world’s best medical authors and sold by top medical publishers (Kent).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout his day at the teaching hospital, Dr. Kent is approached by his colleagues with a variety of questions, not only about medical information systems but also about the medical practice in general.   Especially in times of emergency, Dr. Kent is considered a ready reference for information about drugs as well as diseases.   Despite the PDA in everybody’s palm, Dr. Kent is considered by his colleagues as a superior authority on medical information â€Å"because of the nervousness felt by the new doctors and nurses† at the facility (Kent).   Still excited about the PDA, which was introduced at the facility in 2005, he explained this part of his job with an example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The other day I was presented with a case of myocardial infarction by way of calls received from the emergency room physicians in order to review a patient.   With my PDA in hand, I did not have to go to my office and open up the Griffith’s 5-Minute Clinical Consultant before checking its index.   Instead, I simply typed ‘MYO’ on my PDA and got all the information required to send back to the emergency room physicians in the matter of moments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  At present, Dr. Kent is seriously considering the introduction of nursing informatics at the facility.   According to him, nursing is a scientific discipline with a focus on information or knowledge.   Hence, nursing informatics, too, is focused on the easy access of crucial information to nurses.   Indeed, nursing informatics has the power to embrace all pieces of information that a nurse would require at any time. Whether it is patient data or information about medicines that is required by a nurse at any given time, the help that information technology can provide in accessing required information cannot be discounted.   With Dr. Kent’s decision to install appropriate nursing informatics at the facility, nurses would no longer have to flip through â€Å"book after book† to find needed information at a time of emergency (Kent).   No longer would they have to go searching for doctors either (Kent).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Also according to Dr. Kent, everybody is considered a colleague at his facility.   Even the nurses are nowadays enjoying the concept of â€Å"shared governance† in practice (Kent).   Linda Chavez (2007), an acute care nurse at the same facility confirmed Dr. Kent’s report on shared governance for the nurses.   She has worked with the teaching hospital for thirteen years.   Now a teaching nurse (for acute care) at the healthcare facility, Ms. Chavez is thrilled about Dr. Kent’s decision to install nursing informatics which would make her job much easier. She has little part to play in this decision of Dr. Kent or other senior members of the hospital.   Still, she has recently joined a council group at the hospital with nurses and other members of the facility making joint decisions that usually have a dramatic impact on the quality of patient care.   The council group has already been consulted about the introduction of nursing informatics at the facility.   However, â€Å"the final decision rests with Dr. Kent,† Ms. Chavez explained.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The council group considers all of its members as equals.   Nevertheless, the seniority of the directors of the facility remains unperturbed.   Moreover, everybody at the facility is not invited to become a member of the group.   â€Å"The final decision about the group members rests on the directors of the facility, and they are allowed to remove anybody from the group at whatever time they will† (Chavez).    The council group that Ms. Chavez joined in late 2006 is responsible for evaluating the status quo, besides recommending changes that the members deem necessary.   Nevertheless, she emphasized that her role in governance is strictly restricted to â€Å"recommendations† (Chavez).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ms. Chavez is grateful that nurses may now join the council group upon invitation at the facility.   The concept was first introduced at the hospital in the year 2005.   Ms. Chavez explained the importance of nurses joining the council group thus:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Back in 2005, some of the nurses in the council group complained about Coumadin, a blood thinner that many of the patients at the facility were administered.   Seeing that changes in blood consistency often put patients at risk of fatal bleeding or clotting, and we had no procedure in place for determining how regularly patients should return to get their blood tested; this issue raised by nurses was an extremely important one.   So, the council decided to Two Separate Levels of Governance at a Teaching Hospital  address it once and for all.   There was extensive research conducted, after which the hospital  issued new guidelines based on the findings of other council members. For Ms. Chavez and the other nurses that are currently a part of the council group, it is invigorating to join hands with the physicians in implementing important changes across the facility.   Even so, directors such as Dr. Kent have â€Å"the upper hand† (Chavez).   Also according to Ms. Chavez, nurses have always taken their limited role in the governance of a healthcare facility for granted. Although the council group is â€Å"a breath of fresh air,† most of the nurses at the facility are not allowed to join it yet (Chavez).   Because the facility where Dr. Kent and Ms. Chavez work â€Å"would always be a teaching hospital,† the directors are considered authority figures and physicians rarely are (Chavez).   All the same, both interviewees remain generally satisfied with their particular levels of governance (Chavez Kent). References Chavez, L. (2007). Personal Interview. Kent, D. (2007). Personal Interview.

An Analysis of the Semiconductor Industry

An Analysis of the Semiconductor Industry The semiconductor industry began when the first transistor was built in 1947 by Bell Labs. This first use was as a hearing aid. In 1971 Intel introduces microprocessors which are the brains of the computer onto one chip for the first time. Then in 2005 the semiconductor industry reaches sales of $227 Billion dollars (SIA. 2011). In 2010 the sales were about $300 Billion dollars. The growth of the semiconductor industry has been tremendous. Semiconductors are everywhere. They are used in computers, electronics, telecommunication, industrial machines, transportation, wireless systems, medical, and military. The semiconductor industry is spread out internationally. There are major manufactures in the United States, China, Japan, South Korea, and Europe. You can see the scope and geography of the semiconductor industry is immense and meets us at nearly every aspect of our lives. Its hard to comprehend how much of an impact this industry has made on the way we interact with one another on a regular basis. Semiconductors can do several things. In general, semiconductors process and display information, handle power, store data, condition signals, and alternate between light and electrical energy sources (PPRC, 2008). These processes are unseen but very present in areas mentioned in the above paragraph. The top three semiconductor producers as ranked by isupply.com are Intel, Samsung Electronics, and Toshiba. Intel and Samsung Electronics are set apart from all the others in terms of revenues as you will be able to see in a graph representing this data within the five forces framework section of the report. This industry is very competitive. As technology changes consistently, industry competitors fight to bring the latest and greatest products to market. The semiconductor industry is well known for their innovations and volatile environment. The Industry structure Supply chain End products G-STEP Global In the 1980s, Asia was primarily a place for low-cost semiconductor assembly and low-end consumer electronic product sales. Today, the region not only leads in electronic equipment production-from low-end to advanced products-but it is also a significant consumer of sophisticated electronics. China is now the largest market for cellular handsets, representing 20 percent of demand, and the second largest market for personal computers. South Korea has the most advanced nationwide cellular network in the world. The electronic equipment and semiconductor industries have evolved into a truly global market. Sociocultural Demographic Children have started getting exposed to electronic devices at a much younger age, than ever before. The electronic device manufacturers, also, use the technology to create things targeted towards children as young as 2-3 years old. This indicates that the market for these devices is continually increasing, hence, higher use of semiconductors. Another trend that we see is people switching to smartphones, which again use comparatively more semiconductors that their current phones. In companies, increasing use of cloud computing to store data also helps the sales of semiconductors go up. In general our lifestyle is changing to a world where we use a lot of semiconductors. (Rephrase the last statement) Efficiency will drive the industry. Lower power consumption wins!   doent really matter, its a very global industry. And everyone uses it. The workplace is already filled with people of different ethnicities. (What can I say about it?) (Read income distribution again!) Technological The semiconductor industry is heavily driven by the technological advancements in the products, processes and materials within the semiconductor domain. It is the technological upgrade rate that makes the industry highly cyclic. The industry is constantly striving for low cost, high speed, energy efficient and smaller chips. The technological upgrades are a prime reason for the barriers to entry in the fab segment of the industry, as the change of the fabrication process is a very expensive affair. But since then our public investment levels have been dropping. In 2011, federal investment in research and development has dropped below 1% of GDP. (http://www.scienceprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/SciProgResearchandDevelopment-101.pdf) (Page 3 graph) With the emergence of associations like SEMATECH, SEMI and SIA some of the burden was taken off of the individual companies. Intellectual property is now much more perishable than ever before and there are too many challenges to solve alone. We must recognize that alliances in the early stages of technological innovation are imperative to achieving breakthrough results that will deliver against the top and bottom line. John Warlaumont, VP of Advanced Technolog http://www.sematech.org/corporate/annual/annual09.pdf In the  semiconductor industry, for example, a confluence of cost, technology and demand trends is creating a shakeout in manufacturing. Indeed, the fixed costs and minimum scale associated with building a new chip fabrication plant have risen almost as precipitously as unit costs (under Moores Law) have fallen. As a result, few companies can still make the next leap to fabs costing $4 billion apiece. This has created a new set of fabless semiconductor companies, along with the foundries, which focus on manufacturing chips designed by others. Semiconductor companies will need to carefully weigh their strategy. http://www.bain.com/bainweb/consulting_expertise/industries_detail.asp?indID=14 Economic The economy of the country has an indirect impact on this industry. As the economy does poor the wages go lower, unemployment increases. This in turn affects the sales of electronic goods in which these semiconductors are used. However, if the economic health of the country is good, the industry is rewarded. The projected growth in the industry from 2011 2013 seems to be about 10.5%. (http://www.bharatbook.com/detail.asp?id=87078rt=Semiconductor-Industry-Forecast-to-2012.html). During the past recession the wages of the Silicon Valley tech workers dropped down by 10%. (http://www.ecademy.com/node.php?id=157950) Political/Legal In the past five years, information technology, fueled by faster and cheaper chips, has reduced the U.S. inflation rate significantly and has doubled the nations productivity growth rate. http://www.sia-online.org/cs/about_sia Semiconductor design and manufacturing facilities are strategic to our nations economic growth. However, our industry is faced with fierce global competition and our policymakers and regulators must ensure that we have balanced tax, regulatory and trade policies to allow our industry to continue to flourish in the U.S. and remain Americas largest export industry, Brian Toohey, President SIA concluded in 2010. http://www.sia-online.org/cs/papers_publications/press_release_detail?pressrelease.id=1869 The president of SIA proposed a RD tax credit for the US companies. This is in the favor of the industry, as they can spend more money in RD. (Recent paper 17th news) Industry analysis Financial Performance Based on the U.S. semiconductor companies revenues and net incomes 2007 2010 (Figures A,B,;;) the profit margins in the industry generally low. Some companies like AMD and Freescale were making losses even in 2007 before the recession hit. The three biggest U.S. semiconductor suppliers, Intel, Texas Instruments and Qualcomm, have been profitable during all the last four years. The smaller companies by revenue have clearly had worse financial performance. That suggest that the bigger players would have some advantage. Of the top three companies Intel is integrated device manufacturer wheras Texas Instruments (Not Fabless IBM REPORT) and Qualcomm are fabless companies (see Strategic Groups section). There is no clear evidence that one of the strategies would be better than the other based on the recent financial performance. Figure XXX. Top 9 U.S. Semiconductor Companies Revenues and Net Incomes 2007. Data from WRDS COMPUSTAT. Figure XXX. Top 9 U.S. Semiconductor Companies Revenues and Net Incomes 2008. Data from WRDS COMPUSTAT. Figure XXX. Top 9 U.S. Semiconductor Companies Revenues and Net Incomes 2009. Data from WRDS COMPUSTAT. Figure XXX. Top 9 U.S. Semiconductor Companies Revenues and Net Incomes 2010. Data from WRDS COMPUSTAT. The annual data for the rest of the 9 companies is not currently available. Market Shares The Top 20 Semiconductor industry players had a combined 65.2 % market share in 2010 (Figure XXX). The semiconductor industry overall is very fragmented, especially the product development. However, the amount of cutting edge technology chip manufacturers seems to be decreasing. Globally American companies hold about half of the market share. Japan and Asia-Pacific companies have about 20 % each and the rest is EMEA companies. Semiconductor business is a very global business. The importance of Asia-Pacific region has been increasing during the recent years. Figure XXX. Preliminary Estimate Semiconductor Suppliers Revenue Share % 2010. Data from iSuppli (Ford, 2011) Figure XXX. Preliminary Estimate of Global Semiconductor Revenue Share % 2010 by Headquarters Location. Data from iSuppli (Ford, 2011) Porters Five forces Threat of New Entrants Traditionally, because of the huge capital expenditures for startup, it is very difficult for those new entries to be successfully invading the semiconductor industry. Obviously, it is great news for those large companies who can control the market in their favor by using their economies of scale. Besides, the pointed end research and development are other two indispensable barriers for new entries. (Ciolli, 2011)However, recently, with the evolvement of the industry, smaller players could move their attention from manufacturing to research and development. Benefit from the subcontracting of manufacturing, smaller companies has more resources and capital to invest into research of new technologies. The cooperation of subcontracting eased the financial burden of the smaller players and reduced the barrier of semiconductor industry to them. (Investopedia, 2011) This is extremely significant for those smaller entrepreneurial corporations even for the whole structure of the semiconductor industry. Moreover, except the high technology requirement for new entry, another significant barrier to entry the semiconductor market is the software compatibility. As a powerful semiconductor player, they are required to not only create physical technology, but also need to design convenient and compatible software which could collaborate with their processors well so customers could enjoy their product. ? What is the source for this paragraph? Power of Suppliers In terms of large semiconductor companies, they have inherent advantages when choose suppliers from thousands of them (Investopedia, 2011). The large diversified companies usually use enough number of suppliers to minimize the power of each. However, in the specialized semiconductor industry, in which the fabless manufacturing model is used by most of the companies. As a result, fabless companies play an important role in this specialized sector. Besides, not every sub-contractor has the capability to satisfied the needs of the specialized companies, so suppliers are much powerful than those in the large generic semiconductor sector (Ciolli, 2011). There are several supplier groups present to the semiconductor industry. A few of those groups are; capital equipment makers, suppliers of silicon, chemicals, gases, water, energy, metals and other materials are used in manufacturing semiconductor products (PPRC, 2008). Rivalry Among Industry Players The semiconductor industry is very highly competitive. The firms within this industry compete on a daily basis to produce or manufacture a product that is smaller, faster and cheaper. The industry changes rapidly as technology changes rapidly. This keeps it competitive as each competitor can seek and opportunity to create something great before the others do. Within this competitive industry there is a constant pressure to come up with better products. The products of this industry are much undifferentiated as the products they are trying to create are essentially improvements to similar products that already exist. The accomplishments of the products change very little. The methods of production is where can see differentiation. The players are trying to come up with innovative ways to do the same things only in a smaller, faster, and cheaper manner (Investopedia, 2010). Comment by Joona: I disagree with this paragraph to some extent. For example ARM has gained very much competitive advantage with is mobile chip technology, similarly Intel has been the number one in the laptop microprocessors becaus of superior product performance The result of an industry that is this competitive is emerging technology that is cutting-edge. The technology is constantly changing into something better so for competition it makes it hard to remain at the top. What tends to happen in this type of an industry is that there are several industry players with similar size rise as the larger players. This is because no one player can keep excelling with the newest, fastest, and cheapest product available. The four main products of the semiconductor industry are memory chips, microprocessors, commodity integrated circuit, and complex SOC (system on a chip) which is a combination of a system of semiconductors compacted into one small product. The following are the top ten ranked semiconductor industry leaders as of 2010: Intel, Samsung Electronics, Toshiba Semiconductors, Texas Instruments, Renesas Electronics, Hynix, STMicroelectronics, Micron Technology, Qualcomm, and Elpida Memory (Ford, 2010). The graph below shows how these competitors are doing against each other in terms of revenue. It gives a basic understanding how they sit against each other and who are the major players. Figure XXX. Top 20 Semiconductor Suppliers Revenues 2010. Data from iSuppli (Ford, 2011). Power of buyers The buyers of the semiconductor industry are endless. There is a buyer at literally every corner. The switching costs of the buyers in the commodity semiconductor market is small as they can purchase from any semiconductor industry player who is representing the lowest cost available as long as the technology is compatible. The strong role of the industry giants like Intel and Samsung limits the bargaining power of buyers. Computers are definitely the largest piece of demand presented by the buyers in 2011, although it is declining due to the rising sales of smart phones and media tablets (Mutschle, 2011). Buyers in the semiconductor tend to be very price sensitive as the industry is constantly producing products at a lower cost to push the demand of their product. Within the buyers, there are several buyer groups that should be mentioned. The computer industry takes of the bulk of buyer demand, mobile devices and tabloids, and the medical industry to mention a few. These buyers make purchases from the semiconductor industry to continue in daily operations as they are a large part of ongoing business. Joona: This sentence needs clarification. Threat of substitutes The industry has the ability to change in a very short time. This takes away opportunities from substitutes to enter the market segment. It would not take the semiconductor industry very long to respond to a successful substitute as they would find a way to produce the product themselves. The problem that would be present is the money constraint. It can be done but at a cost. The industry players can find themselves spending a lot of money to research and develop new products just to find that their competition beat them to it by a few months. This keeps the business environment volatile and competitive. Joona: This paragraph would need some sources to back the claims up. In addition I found it hard to understand some of the logic. Strategic groups Joona: This is one way to classify the industry. I dont know if it is necessarily the best way to do it. Product line based classification is at least one alternative, but it requires some effort. Groups Based on Level of Vertical Integration Integrated Device Manufacturers (IDM) Some companies, such as IBM and Intel, have both semiconductor design and manufacturing capability. They try to achieve efficiency through vertical integration. Foundry Companies Merchant manufacturers do manufacturing for companies that do not have own manufacturing capacity. Cutting edge semiconductor manufacturing process technology is getting more and more expensive, and thus less and less companies can afford to have own production capacity (Jelinek, 2010). The largest foundry company is Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC). It is a pure play foundry, which means that it only offers manufacturing services without designing own products. Fabless The fabless companies do not have manufacturing capacity. They design chips and buy manufacturing capacity from foundry companies. The fabless companies do not have as large risks relating to manufacturing technology, but as the amount foundry companies decreases, the foundry companies bargaining power will likely increase. This group includes companies like Qualcomm, AMD, Nvidia, Broadcom and MediaTek (Osborne, 2010). Key Success Factors What would it take for some firm to compete successfully in the industry(9) Joona (these guesses are just out of my head, no sources, no proof of validity): Ability to constantly develop new, better, cheaper faster designs Ability to produce breakthrough innovations Ability to form effective networks and partnerships in order to gain advantage of the resources of the collaborating companies New opportunities and threats What are the major emerging trends in the industry that may impact the industry firms in a significant way?(8) The New Threats and Opportunities The most critical treat for semiconductors industry is the rapid price declines due to more player enter the market and the substitute products become available. (Joona: Are new players really a threat given the resources and money needed to enter the industry?) The research by Ross Seymore (A Deutsche Bank Equity Research analyst) suggested that compare with the 30% revenue growth in last year, the chip industry faces a 25% revenue drop due to lower average selling prices for chips and the cyclical demand for semiconductors hits a lull. Seymore also mentioned that a largest average selling price drop may be waiting for the the memory segment which could cause risk to margins across the industry following 2010s record levels as well. ( KAWAMOTO,2011). However, there are some news opportunities for semiconductors players as well. One is the Smart Grid which could save resources in the busy time to balance the application amount of the power. Currently, about two-thirds of power is wasted because of the power grid aging. Inevitably, those aging power grid will be substituted by Smart Grid, which will give a new profit growth point to semiconductors industry. (Xiaona, 2010) Another significant technical innovation will benefit the semiconductors industry is the Immersion lithography which probably will drive the the lithography solution for semiconductor devices manufacturing in the following generation. Who can grasp this new technology will take a vantage point in the next decade of competition.(JVSTB, 2004) Joona: We should try to find some big picture opportunities and threats that have could have a significant impact on the industry Predictions (Next 5 years) How dynamic is the industry, stage of its life cycle? What is the likely demand situation during the next five years?(7) High inventory levels in Q4 2010 According to iSuppli the semiconductor suppliers inventories reached the highest levels in two and a half years during the fourth quarter of 2010. If the the semiconductor industry growth slows in 2011, this could bring troubles to the companies. (Stiefel, 2011) This is another example of the cyclicality and weak predictability of the industry. Joona: Could we somehow combine this with the previous section. More predictions needed. My best guess is that the industry is going to end up in a somewhat stable situation. 2010 was a boom because of the recession 2008-2009 and low inventory levels. ************** Future : http://isscc.org/doc/2010/ISSCC2010_TechTrends.pdf http://www.engadget.com/2011/02/19/intel-to-spend-5-billion-on-new-14nm-fab-in-arizona-creating-4/ Ravi: The fortunes of the semiconductor industries are ultimately tied to the demand of the end products. (Dirk Meyer, president and CEO of AMD, NDTV, interview) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dpDx7LPdhqsfeature=related   Semiconductor design and manufacturing facilities are strategic to our nations economic growth. However, our industry is faced with fierce global competition and our policymakers and regulators must ensure that we have balanced tax, regulatory and trade policies to allow our industry to continue to flourish in the U.S. and remain Americas largest export industry, Brian Toohey, President SIA concluded in 2010. http://www.sia-online.org/cs/papers_publications/press_release_detail?pressrelease.id=1869 Intellectual property is now much more perishable than ever before and there are too many challenges to solve alone. We must recognize that alliances in the early stages of technological innovation are imperative to achieving breakthrough results that will deliver against the top and bottom line. John Warlaumont, VP of Advanced Technolog http://www.sematech.org/corporate/annual/annual09.pdf

Educational Philosophy :: Education Teaching Classroom Teachers Essays

Educational Philosophy â€Å"I’m gonna be a teacher!† I remember telling my second grade teacher, Ms. Akers. It was time to prepare for Open House and we were doing projects based upon our chosen life profession. It was wonderful being in the second grade – you could be anything in the world. And I wanted to be a teacher. That was nearly twenty-five years ago, and my decision still stands. Experience and maturity have changed my views on many issues, but I still want to help shape future generations. I believe our future is held in the hands of today’s children and it is everyone’s responsibility, and an educator’s privilege, to help children discover who they are and whom they can be. While there are many approaches and disciplines related to education, I believe it is naà ¯ve to think that any one approach is all-inclusive. Just as several subjects are studied to make a whole education, several approaches, when combined, can create a more wholesome educational experience. I agree with the Progressivism view that education must be relevant to the needs and interests of students and that learning increases when we are engaged in meaningful activities. A student’s full potential cannot be reached if his/her basic needs such as food, clothing, and compassion are not met. While we are not social workers, we can show the student that he/she is valued and cared for by the way we interact with him/her. Likewise, if a student is not interested in the subject being taught, he/she will be less likely to concentrate and learn. It is our job as educators to create interesting environments with stimulating approaches to learning. It has been my experience that the Behaviorism approach of positive reinforcement is a very effective method. If we, as teachers, provide positive reinforcement whenever students perform a desired behavior/task, they soon will learn to perform the behavior/task on their own. Children need to learn on their own in a relaxed environment and be given support when appropriate. Educational Philosophy :: Education Teaching Classroom Teachers Essays Educational Philosophy â€Å"I’m gonna be a teacher!† I remember telling my second grade teacher, Ms. Akers. It was time to prepare for Open House and we were doing projects based upon our chosen life profession. It was wonderful being in the second grade – you could be anything in the world. And I wanted to be a teacher. That was nearly twenty-five years ago, and my decision still stands. Experience and maturity have changed my views on many issues, but I still want to help shape future generations. I believe our future is held in the hands of today’s children and it is everyone’s responsibility, and an educator’s privilege, to help children discover who they are and whom they can be. While there are many approaches and disciplines related to education, I believe it is naà ¯ve to think that any one approach is all-inclusive. Just as several subjects are studied to make a whole education, several approaches, when combined, can create a more wholesome educational experience. I agree with the Progressivism view that education must be relevant to the needs and interests of students and that learning increases when we are engaged in meaningful activities. A student’s full potential cannot be reached if his/her basic needs such as food, clothing, and compassion are not met. While we are not social workers, we can show the student that he/she is valued and cared for by the way we interact with him/her. Likewise, if a student is not interested in the subject being taught, he/she will be less likely to concentrate and learn. It is our job as educators to create interesting environments with stimulating approaches to learning. It has been my experience that the Behaviorism approach of positive reinforcement is a very effective method. If we, as teachers, provide positive reinforcement whenever students perform a desired behavior/task, they soon will learn to perform the behavior/task on their own. Children need to learn on their own in a relaxed environment and be given support when appropriate.

Martinez Construction Company in Germany

MARTINEZ CONSTRUCTION COMPANY IN GERMANY 1. General presentation of the case study (Summary) Martinez Construction is a well-established construction company in Eastern Spain. Because of a recent decline in contracts in the Spain society, Martinez Construction Company needed to expand to international market in order to survive (expand and grow). After a survey in the international market, the newly formed Democratic Germany seemed the perfect place. Furthermore, the best solution was to acquire an existing firm with the help of Treuhandanstalt (privatization agency).This was a result of the lack of liquidity of the Martinez Company. Therefore, an alliance with another German company would not allow it to establish itself as a serious competitor on the international market. The intermediary for Martinez Construction was THA (Treuhandanstalt), a company created in the former German Democratic Republic, whose main purpose was to find private buyers for some 13 500 business and 15 000 p arcels of real estate that had been owned by the former German Democratic Republic.Their primary job was to sell the companies and match existing companies with buyers. That’s why Martinez Construction used THA’s services to find a new German company to acquire. From the time of his arrival in Germany, Juan felt that he was having a difficult time just getting acquainted with the Germans. . They didn’t seem to have time to get to know Juan personally: rush and urgency to complete the sale was the focus of their approach. Thus, THA found Konstruktion Dreizehn, based in Leipzig.Juan Sanchez was sent to handle the negotiations part of the acquisition in Germany. Juan was accompanied by Diego’s nephew and projected manager of the new German acquisition, Miguel Martinez. His background includes a business degree from a university in the United States, as well as years of employment in the family business, although lacking in practical managerial experience. Du ring the negotiations, there were noticed strong discrepancies between the business styles of the two representatives of the companies, the cultural barrier between the two being noticeable.However, they managed to arrive at a common point by modifying the initial contract, after Juan insisted. The final contract stated that the original price would be reviewed in two years, and the contracted parties would recalculate it based on new and presumably more reliable data concerning the true value of the firm. The company had employed approximately 350 workers inside the German Democratic Republic (GDR). The THA had reduced the workforce to 100. Miguel and his team estimated that 50 employees would be sufficient.Miguel was frustrated by the unwillingness of some employees to actively participate in the formulation of ideas and implementation of new procedures and policies. Six months after Miguel’s triumphant arrival, his optimism was fading fast. He had just received the latest report concerning the company’s financial position, and it was clear that the figures were far from what Martinez Construction had been led to believe. Cash flow problems were beginning to arise, and this threatened the very existence of the company. . Identification of the problem(s), causes and negative effects: 2. 1. Identification of the problem(s): The main problem of The Spanish Company consists of the fact that they were not prepared for the acquisition of a foreign company and further more for the negotiations with the German THA. Companies which operate only in one country are not familiar with all the economic, cultural and political differences between societies because they are not confronted with them on daily basis.In order to do successful business, it is of major importance to acknowledge this differences and to take it into consideration when doing business. A second problem will be that the manager of Martinez Construction Company choose the wrong people in order to complete the negotiations and after words to develop the new business in East Germany. 2. 2. Identification of the causes that led to the appearance of this/these problem(s): The problems arise mainly because the CEO of the Spanish company made his decisions of expansion in Germany on a blue-eyed approach.The idea occur to him when meeting German tourists in Spain that were relax and happy without taking into account that the East Germans were not allowed to travel so far and there are important differences between the mentality of Western and Eastern Germany. Another cause is represented by the Manager’s idea that he can develop a well-established business in the Eastern German because of cheap labor and raw materials. His choice to expand on German marketplace was not based on rational facts or clear developed objectives.Despite the fact that the management of Martinez Company conduct a series of research regarding the different market entry strategies into German markets which ended with the solution of acquiring a company from THA, a market selection can not rely only on information based on secondary sources. There are always certain information that can only be found when visiting the potential marketplace (distributors, suppliers, the existing management and employees). 2. 3. Identification of the potential negative effects that will appear if the problem(s) is/are not going to be solved:Negative effects on the short-run: * Lack of experience in managing a portfolio of business in another market than Spain as well as the lack of knowledge about the personality of German employees and the already existing procedures and policies * Different developed management information systems, governance structures, managerial skills and corporate processes * Lack of initiative coming from the employees because of fear and distrust of management due to the cultural differences between Spanish and German business practices. Exposure to unfamiliar busi ness practices such as strict environmental and employee protection regulations that forced unexpected large investments in plant modifications. * Other costly projects that have not been foreseen during the negotiations process that would have required attention. * Cash flow problems The negative effects in the long run: * Cash flow problems that finally may threaten the existence of the German company or even of the whole company’s * Closing the German enterprise would mean losing the whole investment (money invested in research, development, implementation, the price itself paid to THA and other costs hat incurred over the time). * Inability to achieve the forecasted figures 3. Identification of alternative solutions for identified problems Solution 1: Joint – Venture with a company from Western Germany Joint ventures are the most common method of entering the market, especially in Europe, because it allows companies to gain competitive advantage through access to a partner’s resources, including markets, technologies, capital and people.International Joint Ventures are viewed as a practical vehicle for direct investment along with knowledge transfer, such as technology transfer, from multinational expertise to local companies, and such knowledge transfer can contribute to the performance improvement of local companies. Advantages: * Access to local know-how which will help the company to evolve faster * Sharing development costs and risks, along with   technology and complementary IP assets for the production and delivery of innovative goods and services * Cheaper than acquisition   Reduce political friction and improve local/national acceptability of the company. Disadvantages: * A joint venture would not allow the company to establish itself as a serious competitor * Lack of control over technology * Many joint ventures fail because of a conflict in tax interests between the partners. Solution 2: Licensing Another solution to the above identified problem would be a method whereby Martinez Constructions would agree to permit a company in another country to use the manufacturing, processing, trademark, know-how or some other skill provided by the company.This method may also be used to gain access to new markets that otherwise are inaccessible. Advantages: *   Good way to start in foreign operations and open the door to low risk manufacturing relationships * Provides additional profitability with little initial investment * Low costs to implement * It has an attractive return on investment * A license agreement allows the licensor to retain ownership of the IP and at the same time to receive royalty income from it, in addition to the income from its own exploitation of it in products and services that it sells. Enables a business to reach customers that it normally wouldn’t be able to do on its own. Disadvantages: * A licensee can become the licensor’s competitor. The licensee may â€Å"canni balize† sales of the licensor, causing the latter to gain less from royalties than it loses from sales that go to its new competitor. * The licensee may suddenly ask for contribution, such as technical assistance, training of personnel, additional technical data etc. All this may prove too expensive for the licensor. * Limited participation * Requires considerable fact finding, planning, investigation and interpretation. 4.Selection of the optimal solution: 4. 1. Identify and choose the optimal solution among those presented above We have decided that the optimal solution for Martinez Construction Company to enter the German market would be to form a joint venture with a company from West Germany. 4. 2 Demonstration that the chosen solution is the optimum one. A joint venture is considered to be one of the easiest and safest methods a company could adopt in order to enter on a foreign market. In our case, we consider that the optimal solution would be for Martinez Construction Company to form a joint venture with a company rom the Western part of Germany because this part of the country was not under the communist regime, it is more developed and receptive to changes. In what concerns solution no 2, it suggests that licensing would be the best way for Martinez Construction to expand its business in Germany. Sometimes there are cases where licensing and joint venture methods are similar. They both allow companies to reach customers that it couldn’t reach otherwise; they save market research spending and present an attractive return on investment.By following licensing model, Martinez company can easily and quickly penetrate the German market, using fewer financial resources. But if we take into account the other problems encountered in this case, namely cultural differences between German and Spanish, and lack of knowledge of international management, such a purchase would be a disadvantage. Nevertheless, the licensee can become the licensorâ€℠¢s competitor and the license agreement doesn’t always guarantee the necessary know-how for the licensee who might need technical assistance provided by the licensor. . Implementation of the solution When trying to expand globally through a joint venture strategy, Martinez Corporation must take into consideration three important elements: choice of partner, establishment of a strategic fit and the design of the joint venture organization. As prior mentioned, Martinez Company should choose a partner from the Western Germany as they are more accustomed to the Western style of doing business than the former German Democratic Republic. Thus, the negotiation could be more transparent and easier for the firm.Furthermore, the most important thing that has to be taken into consideration is the field in which the firm with which the joint venture is going to be performing activates. This is because a classic joint venture is the merger of two companies which usually have complementary products or services in order to cover a larger part of the market share. As a result, Martinez Corporation should apply the joint venture strategy by making a partnership with an architecture firm. By joining these two kinds of companies two business segments will be covered.This is a very good strategy because the future clients will have to sign only one contract and not waste time between two or more similar companies. Concerning the strategic fit and the joint venture organization, both the Spanish and the German companies will have to share the same vision in order to make the newly formed company to be profitable. The companies have the major advantage that they can complete each other in the sense of the business environment. This means that the German company will have the experience of working in the German business environment.Furthermore, it could find cheaper and more qualified personnel (as the labor force in Western Germany is more expensive than that in GDR). The jo int venture should be staffed by a full-time joint venture coordinator and other staff – designated by the 2 companies, as may be necessary to carry out the mission of the joint venture. On the other hand, Martinez Corporation comes with the know- how of production and the actual construction knowledge. This way, the structure of the new company shall follow that of the Martinez Company and similar technical prerequisites will be required for hiring of employees.The capital for the new joint venture shall be provided by the two companies in equal shares, as to ensure limited risk exposure and possibilities for further investments. This is also due to the fact that Martinez should vote for an equity joint venture in order to be equal partners and share the same amount of risk. Concerning the organizational structures, this should be a mix between the two companies because, being two companies in two separate business areas, new departments shall arise. In addition, for the com mon departments they should choose the best people after a careful analysis of their skills.

Inductive & Deductive Research Approach

INDUCTIVE & DEDUCTIVE RESEARCH APPROACH BY: MOHD TAJUDIN B JAMALUDIN Contents ? Definition ? Methods ? Inductive teaching ? deductive teaching ? Examples of inductive & deductive ? Advantages ? Disadvantages ? Conclusion Definition ? INDUCTIVE: Inductive teaching (also called discovery teaching or inquiry teaching) is based on the claim that knowledge is build primarily from a learner’s experiences and interactions with phenomena. Definition ? DEDUCTIVE Deductive teaching (also called direct instruction) is much less â€Å"constructively† and is based on the idea that a highly structured presentation of content reates optimal learning for students. Research Methods In research, we often refer to the two broad methods of reasoning as the deductive and inductive approaches. Research Types Deductive Approach Inductive Approach Inductive Research Approach THEORY TENTATIVE HYPOTHESIS Hill Climbing PATTERN Observations †¢ Inductive reasoning works the other way, moving f rom specific observations to broader generalizations and theories. †¢ Informally,, we sometimes call this a â€Å"bottom upâ€Å" approach †¢ Conclusion is likely based on premises. †¢ Involves a degree off uncertainty Deductive Research Approach Deductive reasoning works from the more general to the more specific. ? Sometimes this is informally called a â€Å"top-downâ€Å" approach. ? Conclusion follows logically from premises (available facts) THEORY HYPOTHESIS Waterfall OBSERVATIO N CONFIRMATI ON Inductive teaching ? An instructor using an inductive approach begins by exposing students to a concrete instance, or instances, of a concept . ? The teacher’s role is to create the opportunities and the context in which students can successfully make the appropriate generalizations, and to guide students necessary. Deductive Teaching ? .The instructor using a deductive approach typically presents a general concept by first defining it and then providing exampl es or illustrations that demonstrate the idea. ? Students are given opportunities to practice, with instructor guidance and feed back. Example of Inductive Teaching Using the grammar situation, the teacher would present the students with a variety of examples for a given concept without giving any introduction about how the concept is used. As students see how the concept is used, it is hoped that they will notice how the concept is to be used and determine the grammar rule.As a conclusion to the activity, the teacher can ask the students to explain the grammar rule as a final check that they understand the concept. Example of Deductive Teaching A deductive approach to instruction is a more teacher-centered approach. This means that the teacher gives the students a new concept, explains it, and then has the students practice using the concept. For example, when teaching a new grammar concept, the teacher will introduce the concept, explain the rules related to its use, and finally t he students will practice using the concept in a variety of different ways.Advantages ? Inductive ? Students may draw approaches ? Inductive approach can increase the creativity ? Inductive approach showed better long-term retention ability ? Meet the challenges of the new world Advantages ? Deductive ? Some educators have suggested that deductive teaching can be critically important for students with learning disabilities ? Some learn best through a deductive approach. ? Deductive learners like to have the general principles identified Disadvantages ? INDUCTIVE: ? . Students may draw other meaning from the examples ? The inductive approach may also take more time nd be less â€Å"efficient† then a deductive approach ? certain ideas do not lend themselves easily to an inductive-teaching Disadvantages ? DEDUCTIVE ? It doesn’t allow for divergent student thinking. ? It also doesn’t emphasize students reasoning and problem solving. ? Deductive approach can not incr ease the creativities. CONCLUSION ? Both deductive and inductive teaching approaches should be included in all courses. ? Each offers advantages to students with different learning strengths and motivations. ? Varying the approach to teaching content can help to reach diverse learning needs.

Assessment for Learning: the Roles of Teachers Essay

1.1: Compare and contrast the roles of the teacher and the learning support practitioner in assessment of learner’s achievements. The roles of Teachers and learning support practitioners are similar in that they are both continuingly monitoring the progress and achievements of the learner. Teachers need to be aware of every child’s progress within their setting. Gathering evidence and developing a full picture of each child is important, in order to understand their individual needs and supply accurate feedback to other teachers, support staff, parents and the senior leadership team. Teachers are required to plan lessons and set learning objectives for their classes. This is usually discussed with support staff, so they are able to help implement the lesson and effectively support the children’s learning. Support assistants can also be involved with the planning process, as their feedback should influence what is included in the lesson, and how future lessons nee ds to move forward. Both Teachers and Support Assistants should be observing children throughout the lesson. Support staffs are in a unique position, as they are able to observe the class whilst the Teacher leads the session. Through observations, teachers and support staff can identify children who are in need of additional support; it also gives a clear picture of class attainment as a whole. By doing this, targets can be set for individual children and different ability groups, helping them progress with their learning. The overall achievement of a class is a collaborative effort between the teacher and the learning support practitioners. The responsibility of assessment falls to anyone working with the child, and is an on-going process that should never stop happening in the learning environment. 1.2: Summarise the difference between formative and summative assessments. Teachers and Support staff use many different methods when assessing learners. These may include: observations, written records, verbal discussions, checklists and tick charts. Assessments can either be formative or summative. Formative assessments – On-going series of processes that are not conclusive. They are used to gather evidence, and help build a more complete picture of the child, for example: A child’s behaviour may be monitored over a period of time, in order to assess how best to cater for their needs. This will influence future planning and support interventions, as well as help to give a more complete picture of their behavioural patterns. Summative assessments – Used to draw conclusions and bring evidence together. They will consolidate all observations and previous assessments to come to an overall conclusion. Planning can then be set for the next steps, for example: A child who has had his behaviour observed over a period of time, in various different settings, may have an IEP put in place in light of the evidence gathered. Formative assessments are needed in order to make a summative assessment, as they are what contribute to the findings and overall conclusions. 1.3: Explain the characteristics of assessment for learning. Assessment for learning is a key tool for both Teachers and Support staff. It ensures that the learning goals for each lesson are clearly identified and are understood by the learner. This can be achieved by using the WALT and WILF principle: WALT, meaning; We Are Learning Today and WILF, meaning; What I’m Looking For. These objectives should be established at the beginning of each lesson, in order for the learner to understand the lesson criteria and expectations. Assessment for learning also aims for each child to have knowledge of the level they are working at, and what their targets are. This promotes independent learning, as the child understands what they are aiming to achieve and the goals they need to reach. Self-assessment and peer assessment is a key characteristic in assessment for learning. It aims to make children autonomous learners, and be able to recognise how to improve their work. Peer assessment allows children to give constructive advice to their peers, in order for them to progress their skills and learn from one another. Giving feedback to learners, so that they know which steps they need to take next, is crucial. Constructive feedback, along with effective planning, will focus the learners’ attention to the areas they need to improve on. It’s important that each learner believes they have the power to improve, and are confident enough in their ability to do so. 1.4: Explain the importance and benefits of assessment for learning. Assessment for learning is an important teaching tool as it clarifies whether or not the learning objectives, delivered through teaching, are being met. It can determine the educational needs of the children and affect decisions on: extra provisions or interventions, funding and a child’s marks. It helps develop a different culture towards learning and actively involves the child in that process. This is achieved through: helping the child understand the purpose of their learning, giving them the ability to recognise their own strengths and areas they need to improve on, motivating them to aspire to achieve through goals and targets, and giving them an opportunity to discuss with teachers and their peers about their learning. This is hugely beneficial as it encourages children to take ownership over their own learning. It also helps teaching staff identify the needs of the children and determine what approach to take next.