Development Of A Nation s Development - 968 Words

By definition development means ‘the act or process of developing; growth; or progression’. The world’s nation-states are commonly categorized based on their state of development; nations who have reached the end-state, that being developed, are colloquially termed as ‘developed nations’ or ‘first world nations’. In contrast, nations working towards this end-state are referred to as ‘developing nations’ or ‘third world nations’. However obvious or apparent these designations may seem, the constituents affecting the status of a respective nation’s development is quite convoluted. What qualifications do developed nations hold over developing nations; what does it mean exactly to be developed or developing. The process of development is dynamic, and so is the system by which nations received their designation. A series of indicators, institutions and measures are used to assess the state of a nation’s development; historically, these indicators have varied throughout time and space. Development theory has been largely presupposed to the fact that the only institutions of importance were those directly expediting market activity. Directly following World War II, the health of a nation was predominately based off its gross domestic product (GDP). This view of the ‘market as the magic bullet’ dominated the social construct of development; however, this paradigm began to shift come the late 1980s/early 1990s. 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Personal Statement Science Quizzes And Co Curricular...

Personal Statement – Sistla Divya As a child, the most fascinating incident which planted the first seeds of medicine into my brain was a renal transplant performed on one of my close relatives. This incident not only proved my assumption that only inanimate objects were reparable wrong, but also inspired me to choose medicine as my definite career choice. My aspiration to be of service to humanity in conjunction with my belief that human race is safeguarded from infinite diseases by white-coated medical professionals, right from cradle to grave, shaped my personal ambition to become a doctor. Coupled with the motivation to accomplish, curiosity drove me to keep learning. Participation in science quizzes and co-curricular activities helped me build my logical reasoning skills. My favorite ways to relax - solving newspaper puzzles and watching detective shows sharpened my deductive reasoning skills. At medical school, I found Internal medicine to be the best method of applying my innate analytical and reasoning skills . Furthermore, with a broad range of illnesses that can be treated with the help of Internal Medicine and the vast amount of scope to study, Internal medicine, without hesitation became my preference to transform myself into a complete physician. Best diagnosis, according to me, is a product of extensive investigation and history taking. As an acting intern, at the bedside clinics I worked in, I molded myself into a better physician by building skills ofShow MoreRelatedStatement of Purpose4243 Words   |  17 PagesStatement of Purpose My name is Jasleen kaur. I have done my schooling from one of the prominent school of India. I joined it in 19.. and passed my schooling in 200... The decade inculcated the bulk of the learning I possess today. There after I joined .a.b.c†¦. college Barnala and did my graduation with Commerce. Completing my graduation I came through certain phases which led me to pursue management at PG level. Looking at the trend in the market, where there is a great competition in the economyRead Morecibm7098 Words   |  29 Pageshistory of management module Additional reading: Pfeffer, J. (2010). Building sustainable organizations: The human factor.  The Academy of Management Perspectives,  24(1), 34-45. COY, P (2007) Cog or Co-Worker Business Week Online Available at: http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2007-08-19/cog-or-co-worker [accessed 06/08/13] Khurana, R., Nohria, N. (2008). Its Time to Make Management a True PROFESSION. Harvard Business Review, 86(10), 70-77. KINGSMILL, D (2009) How Experience Failed Us

A Worn Path Summary Example For Students

A Worn Path Summary The essay named A Worn Path by Eudora Welty title suggests that the path that the main character Phoenix takes and the obstacles that she faces are paths and obstacles that all people have to face in their lifetime. Phoenixs journey on the path is both a literal journey as well as a metaphorical journey. The story begins when Phoenix makes her way into a forest abundant with wildlife. The animals that she is afraid of symbolize her first obstacle in her journey. She tells the animals Dont let none of those come running my direction. I got a long way. This shows that even at the very beginning of a persons journey there will be things that will make a person fearful, but it is best just to keep on going and push those fears aside. Then Phoenix is confronted with her next obstacle in the form of a bush grabbing at her dress. She at first says that she was fooled by the bush thinking that it was a pretty little green bush, when it actually is something that grabs a hold of her dress and almost tears it. This part of the journey shows that the temptations that life may offer might look good or seem like a good idea, but as soon as you get close enough to them they make troubles. Phoenix seems to get into one place in the bush thinks that she is finally out, but just gets stuck again in the bush. Life seems to do exactly what the bush in Phoenixs journey does. As soon as a person thinks that the struggle is over, another problem seems to come up. Phoenix then has to cross over a log laying across a creek. Putting her right foot out, she mounted the log and shut her eyes. When a person has to face something or cross over a tough spot in life, sometimes it is better if that person just closes their eyes and has faith that they will reach the end of their problem. Phoenix did just that. Then she opened her eyes and she was safe on the other side. When Phoenix takes a break it showed that after going through many struggles it is best to stop, rest, and enjoy the view. Phoenix also is thankful that in winter snakes curl up and sleep. The same is true in life, a person must be thankful for the little things that make a journey easier and not focus on all of the negative things that happen. Next in Phoenixs journey a big black dog jumps up and knocks her into a ditch. Afterwards the dog just sat there happy to watch the old woman suffer. The black dog symbolizes a persons enemies in life. They are happy to see you fall down and not be able to get back up. A white man then rescues Phoenix from her suffering. After he helps her though he seems to tease her and make her uneasy with his gun. The situation comes out well for Phoenix though when the man mistakenly drops a nickel. This shows that sometimes bad situations can be a blessing in disguise. At the end of Phoenixs journey it is revealed why Phoenix had traveled all of that way and it was not for herself, but her little grandson. She had forgotten after her whole entire journey, what it was she had came for. Life is the same way. People can live their whole lives searching for something without even knowing what they are looking for. It is not discovered until the final part of her journey that Phoenix discovers what she went through all that for. A Worn Path truly brings out the struggles that every man and woman goes through. Whether it be fear, deception, or any other obstacle like Phoenix faced in this essay.

Kamp Motors free essay sample

Several of the components for Kamp’s engines are supplied by other businesses. In some cases, they supply standard components, in other cases, components produced according to Kamp’s specifications. Together with various essential components produced by Kamp itself, the components supplied by other businesses are used by Kamp in different types of engines. Table 1 contains some financial information on Kamp relating to 2001. Kamp produces four main types of car engines. Type 1 is a quite conventional type which is supplied mainly to businesses outside the Vecu concern. The more high-tech types 2, 3, and 4 are supplied only internally. The reputation of Vecu’s car makes has always been based on their powerful and noiseless engines. Not all of the Vecu models are fitted with Kamp engines. A considerable number of engines is purchased externally. Whenever a new car model is being developed for one of the Vecu makes, the company has to decide whether to fit it with a Kamp engine or an engine purchased from an external supplier. We will write a custom essay sample on Kamp Motors or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Kamp’s engines, i. e. the types 2, 3, and 4, are often selected for the more exclusive Vecu models. The fact of the matter is that other manufacturers generally cannot supply attractively priced engines which meet Vecu’s specifications. Kamp has managed to incorporate major new technology into its engines every few years, with the result that they are technically superior to other manufacturers’ engines. In fact, Kamp engines are so successful because of their efficient fuel consumption, power and noiselessness. Table 1. Some financial data on Kamp Motors, 2001; x â‚ ¬1 million |Sales |361 | |External costs*) |204 | |Staff costs | 98 | |Depreciations | 20 | |Number of employees |2,303 | ) External costs: costs of raw materials and auxiliary materials, purchased components, contracted work, etc. Vecu is made up of a number of relatively independent divisions which have been subdivided into business units. Kamp is a business unit and profit centre within the Make A division (MA division). Make A is seen as the showpiece of Vecu; the MA division produces exclusive models only. In addition to this division, the Make B and Make C divisions (MB and MC divisions) are also supplied with quite a lot of engines by Kamp. Make A cars are expensive, yet they have held a very strong position in the market for years on end. This is due to their design and their high-quality engines. Like Make A, Vecu’s other passenger cars (Make B and Make C) are not intended for customers who are interested mainly in a reliable, safe car that does not cost too much. MB and MC are to project the image of sporty, stylish and fun cars. Although the MB and MC divisions buy a lot of engines externally, the ‘glamour’ of Kamp engines enhances the image of their cars. Incentives At the end of 2000, the board of the Vecu concern decided to give the divisions and business units stronger incentives. Consequently, the incomes of managers at various levels were made more dependent on the profits made by their units. It was expected that this would encourage the divisions and business units to strive more strongly for efficiency and higher sales proceeds. Ultimately, Vecu needed to increase its returns, as the board stated during the big annual meeting of managers of divisions and business units at Lyon. At the beginning of 2002, the board of Kamp noticed that the management of some segments of Vecu were entitled to considerable bonuses over 2001. The board was very sorry to conclude that the management of Kamp were not in the same position. The board would not take this lying down and started to look for possibilities of increasing the profit of their own business unit. Sadly, they found that there were only limited possibilities. Kamp is obliged to supply certain engines, namely the types 2, 3, and 4, internally at costs per unit plus a small mark-up for profit, as was ordained by the boards of the MA division and Vecu several years ago. Type 1 yields a nice profit, but Kamp cannot increase the numbers of engines sold externally and their prices forever. Even a reduction in the costs of types 2, 3, and 4 will not result in an increase in Kamp’s profit if the decrease is taken into account when the unit costs for those types are calculated. Vecu has strict rules for determining unit costs. Kamp, too, has to determine the basic cost per unit (bcpu) of each type of engine first, as follows: bcpu = external cost per unit + (staff and depreciation costs) : standard capacity. To arrive at the cost per unit, the basic cost per unit is increased by a mark-up for some other direct and indirect costs. In the formula for basic cost per unit, external cost is the cost of purchased materials and components. This cost is in principle proportionally variable. External cost is based on the cost per unit for average-sized buying orders. Buying large or small amounts can be to Kamp’s advantage or disadvantage. Its standard capacity has been set at 90% of its maximum production capacity. Obviously, the rule for determining cost per unit is clear. However, even the strictest rule has to be interpreted. And the board of Kamp thinks it is safe to assume that, in actual practice, the boards of the MA division and Vecu hardly concern themselves with the level of unit costs. Kamp is wondering whether the top management of the division and concern are really well-informed about Kamp’s production process and costs, and whether the senior executives are really interested in Kamp as long as it is run reasonably well. The board of Kamp is therefore considering reducing costs by reorganizing its organization and not reducing the units costs of the types 2, 3, and 4 to the same extent. With a view on this, a reorganization of Kamp’s cost information system is also considered. That might result in more profit for Kamp. In addition, the board is thinking about changing the department of Research and Product Development. It is a large department because Kamp wants to remain a leader in the field of technology. At present most of the departmental staff are employed on a permanent basis. However, the board of Kamp is contemplating much closer collaboration with technical universities in order to save costs and increase profits. Besides through cost reductions, profits can also rise if sales proceeds increase. That is why the board of Kamp is wondering whether the company might benefit from supplying the types 2, 3, and 4 externally as well. At present Kamp’s mostly very specialized machinery is sometimes operating considerably below maximum capacity, e. g. when the development, production or sale of certain car models is stagnating. External sales might result in fewer fluctuations in Kamp’s capacity usage and an increase in its production, profit and profitability. Seeing that other car manufacturers regularly approach Kamp, its board is convinced that there is a sizeable market for Kamp outside Vecu. There are not many engines on the market which are comparable to Kamp’s, qualitatively speaking. The board of Kamp is certain that external sale prices will be considerably higher than the prices at which Kamp has to supply engines to Vecu. An important order However, even the board of Kamp cannot afford to spend its time daydreaming about Kamp’s almost certainly wonderful and profitable future. Although Kamp holds a strong position within Vecu, no order is a certainty. That proved to be true in March 2002, when Guy Mercier, a senior manager from the MB division, contacted Robert Drover, who is in charge of Commercial Affairs at Kamp. Mercier and Drover discussed whether Kamp could supply engines for a new exclusive car model (model MB99) which was being developed by the MB division. Further consultations showed that Kamp would be able to supply engines for the MB99 and that the MB division would probably need 5,000 of these engines annually. Kamp would have to alter the type 2 engine slightly, i. e. develop type 2a for the MB99. Type 2a is not really an average engine, but it is not a typical Kamp engine either. In other words, it is not a genuinely sophisticated engine. Mercier indicated that the MB division was also talking with two other potential suppliers, namely the British company Black and the Italian company FER. Mercier expected that these two companies would also be able to supply an engine which met most of his requirements. In addition to the technical qualities of the engine, its price was an important criterion for the MB division’s decision. ‘Now that Vecu wants to increase its returns across the board, the MB division wants to improve its profit figures too’, said Mercier. ‘We would like to get our engines from Kamp, but only if they are exceptional, technically speaking, and are reasonably priced. Be fair, until now we have had to pay quite high prices for Kamp engines, I think’, Mercier added. Subsequently Robert Drover gave a brief account of his talks with Mercier to the board. Well, Robert’, said Tracey de Cock, financial manager of Kamp, ‘I do not like the sound of it. We have always treated the MB division decently in our business dealings so that they and we would do reasonably well. Of course we hardly made a profit by supplying e ngines to them, but our costs were adequately covered. They never complained to us about our unit costs. It seems that Mr Mercier is now trying to pressurize us to raise his profit figures and his bonus. But I’m damned if I’m going to do business that way. An order for 5,000 engines is not to be sneezed at, but Kamp’s survival does not really depend on it’. ‘Wait a minute, Tracey’, said Michel Dingman, general manager of Kamp. I agree with you that Mercier’s way of doing business with us differs from what we were used to, but maybe we should adapt to the new situation. Anyway, we should not turn down a possible order just like that. It is true that 5,000 engines do not amount to much, but how much does each of those engines bring in? Could we increase the degree of capacity utilization for our current production machinery somewhat? If that new model is a success, the annual figure may increase in the coming years. And what about our sp ecific costs? They may be rather low, because we will only have to adapt an existing type of engine. And if MB develops a relationship with an external supplier of advanced engines, will we not run the risk of losing even more sales in the future? I think we should continue talking with Mercier and should try to do the best possible deal. If necessary, Robert, I will join you in negotiating with Mercier at crucial moments’. ‘Well, you may be right’, said Tracey, ‘but we should always be wary of unprofitable orders. We, too, want to increase our profit. Actually, we cannot supply engines at lower prices until we have cut costs and that will take time. If we really want to make money, we must ask ourselves if we should not supply more engines externally and if we should not stop supplying engines internally at cost per unit plus a small mark-up for profit. But those questions will be dealt with in the long term’. After that, Robert Drover contacted Mercier, who then sent further details about the MB division’s requirements with regard to the type 2a engine. Next, a few staff members in Kamp’s department of Research and Product Development checked the technical ramifications of an order. And staff from the Production Planning and Finance departments looked at the consequences for the production machinery and the costs involved. After some calculations, Kamp concluded that its engine meets Mercier’s technical requirements more than adequately. Furthermore, the first 5,000 engines could probably be produced relatively easily with its available production machinery. However, since the demand for cars and engines is xpected to rise steeply in the coming years, capacity may become a problem, especially if Kamp is allowed to supply engines of the types 2, 3, and 4 to external customers. [2] If Kamp is allowed to sell externally, it will probably supply external customers with en gines yielding a profit of at least â‚ ¬750 per unit. If the full cost per unit for the type 2a engine is calculated in the usual way, it will amount to â‚ ¬4,000. In that case, the full cost per unit includes a part of the development costs of the type 2 engine, namely â‚ ¬200 per engine. In fact, these development costs are also covered by the income from the production of the type 2 engine. The relatively low, additional cost of developing type 2a (by adapting type 2) will be covered if some cheaper components for type 2a are not taken into account when the cost per unit is calculated. The variabele costs per engine are set at â‚ ¬2,500. Kamp does not yet know the exact prices of the engines which Black and FER have offered to Mercier, but it suspects that they range between â‚ ¬3,750 and â‚ ¬4,250. Technically speaking, the Black and FER engines are probably not as good as the Kamp engines, but they probably meet Mercier’s requirements. Now they know all this, Robert Drover and Michel Dingman are preparing themselves for another meeting with Guy Mercier, during which they want to put forward a proposal for the price at which Kamp is willing to supply the type 2 engine. Drover and Dingman want to get a transfer price which will satisfy Kamp in the near as well as the more distant future. Suggested assignment Being a consultant, you have been asked to make a report for the board of the Vecu concern in which you are to answer the following questions. 1. What transfer price should Kamp insist on, in your opinion, if it were to supply the type 2a engine to the MB division now and in the future? Please give arguments for your proposal. You should at least consider the principle ‘minimum transfer price = variable cost per unit + opportunity costs for the supplier’ and the guidelines Vecu has for transfer prices. Please draw ttention to the interests of Kamp Motors as well as those of Vecu as a whole. Taking into consideration Vecu’s transfer price policy, what do you think of Guy Mercier’s attitude? 2. Please discuss the possibilities of increasing Kamp’s profit by using the formula for basic cost per unit and by reorgani zing. Please use a concrete example to indicate how the board of Kamp can manipulate the unit costs for the types 2, 3, and 4 by reorganizing its cost information system. How, do you think, can the boards of the Vecu concern and the MB division determine whether Kamp manipulates data on unit costs? 3. Within the Vecu concern, Kamp is obliged to supply engines at cost per unit plus a mark-up for profit. Please compare Vecu’s transfer price system with Vecu’s system of responsibility centres and with Eccles’s theory on transfer pricing. 4. Taking into consideration the product differentiation strategy adopted by Kamp and Vecu, what do you think of Kamp’s idea to collaborate more closely with technical universities and to sell the types 2, 3, and 4 externally as well? (See for example Colbert and Spicer, 1995. ) [1] Authors: Henk J. ter Bogt and G. Jan van Helden, Faculty of Economics – University of Groningen (the Netherlands) [2] Each engine that is produced, i. e. type 2, 2a, 3 or 4, takes up the same amount of Kamp’s production capacity.

Sales and Monitoring Essay Example

Sales and Monitoring Essay Sales and Monitoring BY strawHat27 Chapter I The Project and its Background Inventory and Monitoring System is an effective way for monitoring and tracking different products and materials that are transferred in and out of a companys warehouse or establishment, store or market place usually for accounting purposes. It is also important for a company to monitor all the transactions, events or movements of goods in order to keep an account of all their stocks. However in some establishments or company, the inventory of the product is done manually in such a ay that an employee writes down the information of different products every time it is transferred in and out of the room. The same case applies in CLB Property Office; and as a result, the inventory and monitoring system becomes prone to human error and would be more time consuming which will most likely be a loss for the institute. In CLB Property Office, there is a corresponding form for every incoming or outgoing item (from the stock room). These forms serve as the basis of comparison when inspecting; that is, the amount of item that goes in or out must tally with those ritten in the forms. Afterwards, all the forms and records used in the transactions will then be kept for future reference. Besides, inventories are being computed every day without any tally or documentation for everyday inventory. We will write a custom essay sample on Sales and Monitoring specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sales and Monitoring specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sales and Monitoring specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Their inventory is being done once a week, but most of the time, monthly. In addition to the complexity of the process, the employee responsible on this task also needs to check the stocks once in a while so as to monitor which items are already getting below the allowable minimum quantity. Because of the draining work, there were circumstances when he inventory record in the admin does not tally with the actual amount of the available items. Another thing to consider in manual inventory is prone to errors since it is unavoidable that the employee assigned to do the sales and inventory would commit mistakes. Introduction Technologies have been a very important role in our daily lives. It helps us to make our works easier and faster. This modern technology has helped us develop more advance system to the community. System that have features and capabilities to provide the needs of the people. Many systems and technologies have been developed especially nowadays.

Convert Your Gasoline-Burning Car to Run on Propane

Convert Your Gasoline-Burning Car to Run on Propane With the price of fuel, propane car conversions (also called LPG conversions) are attracting more attention. Propane is certainly one viable alternative fuel option: it has been used as a commercial motor fuel for more than 80 years and millions of miles. Its also less expensive to use than gasoline, even though the cost per liter is higher. Why It Can Be Tough to Convert to Propane The Environmental Protection Agency requires all vehicles to meet the same emission standards. While propane burns cleaner than gasoline, increased regulations from the EPA, means that there are very few propane conversion kits for U.S. street passenger vehicles available today. It has actually been a much more popular choice in Europe and other countries due to less stringent regulations and higher petrol prices. Even though propane powered engines offer cleaner emissions along with 10 to 15 percent less carbon dioxide, 20 percent less carbon monoxide and 50 to 60 percent fewer hydrocarbons and nitric oxide, tighter emissions regulations have changed the way conversion companies can do business. While generic propane conversions used to be common fare for a trained mechanic (generally not for the DIY-er, though), most four-stroke engines (carbureted and fuel-injected) can still be converted to operate on propane when a certified technician installs the correct kit. And propane’s minimal sooting, owing to its low carbon content, means increased engine life, fewer oil changes, and longer spark plug life. Why Conversion May Still Be a Good Idea Although it may take some legwork on your part, it can be worth converting to propane if you have a propane filling station in your area that makes fueling up easily accessible and less expensive. Unfortunately, there are relatively few U.S. propane conversion companies with an online presence that sell street-ready passenger car kits or do conversions (some have websites, many don’t). Prices for a full conversion by a qualified technician can range from $3,000 to $4,000. Hopefully, you’ll be close to one of the shops that are on RASO Enterprises’ extensive shop list (below), and they can help you go from there. Where to Find Conversion Kits Because of the scarcity of conversion companies, its unlikely that youll find one in your backyard. That said, however, these two companies may be able to provide you with what you need at a reasonable cost. Got Propane?  Based in Tempe, AZ, the eye-catching off-roading photos on this company’s website showcase propane’s ability to operate at any angle with no loss of power or fuel spillage. *Note: These kits are only for off-road vehicles, and this company does not sell kits for late model cars and trucks (1987 and newer).RASO Enterprises  In addition to selling kits, this company provides a wealth of information to help you find a certified conversion shop in the United States or Canadian conversion center. Most of these shops specialize in heavy duty/commercial vehicles with minimal offerings for passenger cars. There are links to find kits for your personal car fleet vehicles, (options are limited) or off-road  and agricultural equipment. This site also refers to TECHNOCARB, the manufacturer of many different conversion kits.

Discuss the influence of business over local governments services and Essay

Discuss the influence of business over local governments services and regulatory activities - Essay Example re the monopolies became highly influencing bodies in the terms of social, political, regional and cultural segments of the economies (Eatwell and Wright, 1999). Giant firms across different sectors started to influence the decision of the public authorities in favor of them. Red-tapism, corruption and bribery became common in the bureaucratic segments of most of the nations of the world. The private monopolistic giant firms in the market started to grasp large portions of the consumer surplus in the market by influencing the decisions of the governments. It is only after the era of globalization, when the political sectors of most of the economies were decentralized. Under this regime, the local governments and the regional institutions were allocated with some sort of regulatory powers. The local governments were entitled to check on the scale and the scope of business activities in their respective local regions (Tucker, 2010). This paper will through light on the influence of the business firms on the various activities of the local government’s services as well as its regulatory activities (Jonas and Wood, 2013). The paper will emphasize on the numerous ways (like campaign funding and lobbying and bribing) through which the business firms can influence the decisions of the local governments (Feenstra and Taylor, 2008). The context of the paper also explains the different ways in which the actions of the local governments in the modern days are undertaken in favor of the corporate companies (focusing the Euro Area). The analysis in the conclusion states that local governments in the current epoch often behave irrationally by favoring the corporate organizations as the influence of such organizations on their activities are huge. There is no doubt about this fact that local governments have substantially influenced the operations of the business organizations. However, the case and effect factors in this context are just the opposite. It is true that in the

Monopoly Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Monopoly - Assignment Example Industries consume approximately 20%. Other than the effects of global warming, there is an emerging trend of water privatization by corporations. The private sector is providing water for profit basis. As a result, there has been a lot of destruction of water reservoirs in the ecosystem (Kalpakian 174). The global water crisis has resulted in tension in countries having a shared water system. Several countries striving for economic growth compete in claiming water sources leading to rivalry. In south Asia, the Ganges and Indus River are causing tension between India, Pakistan and Bangladesh (Kalpakian 176). Both Pakistan and India are constructing hydroelectric plant along Kishanganga River. Pakistan is weary that the Indian dams will inhibit adequate water flow to their site. This dispute between Pakistan and India has led to Pakistanis militant killing over 100 Indians. Water is important to both these nations. For Pakistan, the populous country relies on irrigation while India has many hydroelectric projects that are involved in harnessing electricity for industrial use. Moreover, in central Asia, there are also water disputes between Afghanistan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan who are fighting for control of the Syr Daria and Amu Daria Rivers. The Nile basin is also on dispute. The other Nile countries want a share of the Nile, which is currently in the control of Sudan and Egypt (Kalpakian 176). The tension arising in several countries because of competition of water poses a challenge. UNESCO advocates for non-confrontation resolution of conflicts. In addition, it advocates for the communal philosophy (Lee 231). This dispute resolution approach encourages the stakeholders of a common water source to come together in managing and development of that source. Mechanisms of conflict resolution regarding the water source are vital too. UNESCO dispute resolution in water conflict advocates for

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND GLOBAL CHANGE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND GLOBAL CHANGE - Essay Example International Trade helps nations to make sound macroeconomic policies and help to educate the workforce. In short, nations who ‘globalize’ experience wide range of goods and services, low prices, improved health for citizens, better paying jobs etc. all initiating an improved standard of living with higher per capita incomes. Institutions like World Bank, International Monetary Fund facilitates globalization. World Trade Organization helps to regulate norms and rules of international trade between nations. The key finding of the study is that globalization is indispensible but should be checked with the policy of import substitution and export promotion of every nation. Introduction Choice of production and scarcity of resources is the central economic problem of any nation across the world. A nation should always engage its resources in the production of goods and services over which it has comparative cost advantage (Ricardo, 1992). This is only possible when the worl d economy is open and there is international trade between nations. International trade involves imports and exports. The level of international trade in a country can be found from the gross domestic product (GDP) of the country. International trade as a % of world GDP has increased from 42.1% in 1980 to 62.1% in 2007. This is due to the emergence of globalization between nations which involves flow of funds, technology, products between nations. The foreign direct investment increased from 6.5%$ of GDP in 1980 to 31.8% in 2006. This is highly beneficial for the growth of developing nations and it also facilitates the progress of rich developed countries. The objective of this project is to analyse to what extent globalization in 1980 resulting in more even distributions of income. This essay also helps us to understand the importance and progress of international trade in the world economy. The study then emphasises the emergence of globalization in the eve of modern trade acceler ating growth. It also shows the changing pattern in international trade for the last 50 years. The work also gives an overview of the current scale and distribution of international trade across countries. Definitions and Measures of Inequality The level of development between nations is not same. There always exists income inequality between nations due to social, economical, political and natural differences. Income inequality is the inequality of income distribution. Blau (1977) defined income inequality as the average difference in status among a pair having relatively average status. Similarly, Firebaugh (2006) defined disparities in wealth status between people and Nations is defined as wealth inequality. Income inequality divides the economy into ‘haves† and â€Å"have nots†. Income inequality is detrimental to the growth of an economy, social justice and welfare of the peoples of a nation. People with low level of income remain dissatisfied with their fina ncial status thus inequitable income status in an economy often threatens the political stability of a nation. Income Inequality is also responsible for health problems in a country. It can often raise corruption in the society that can finally cause misallocation of resources in the society. There are various measurements of income inequality; the most commonly used is Gini Coefficient. The range of this index lies between 0 to 1 (0% to 100%), where 0 means perfect inequality and 1 shows no inequality. But it does not show why the inequality

The History Of The Business Zara Commerce Essay

The History Of The Business Zara Commerce Essay The company selected for this assignment is Zara. A very brief history of Zara will be given. Then description of the companys operations and its advantages and shortcoming will be discussed. Then suggestions for innovation in its current information technology and operations will be given along with cost and risk analysis and possible ways to reduce the risks, followed by final conclusion. History: Zara is the most successful brand of Spanish company Grupo Inditex. Its owner, Amancio Ortega, opened first retail store in 1975 in La Coruna, a small port in Spain. Zara became the worlds largest fashion retailer by 2008 end. By this time it had stores in over 70 countries, out performing its rivals like Gap of USA and Sweden based HM (Hennes Maurits) (http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2008/aug/12/retail.spain). Zaras Innovative Operations: Daniel Piette, director of fashion, LVMH described Zara as possibly the most devastating and innovating retailer in the world http://tbmdb.blogspot.com/2009/12/business-model-example-zara-devastating.html, owing to the companys innovative and unique approach in fashion retail: Zara has a vertically integrated supply chain, controlling most of the design phase, production phase and distribution system, down to its chain of retail outlets around the world. Some part of the manufacturing process is handled by Zaras sister concerns with nearby locations. Unlike its competitors Zara does not outsource its production to Asian developing countries. Proximity of production and distribution units provides more flexibility so that the company can meet the ever-changing demands of the consumers more efficiently than its competitors. Zara has integrated the system of POS (Point Of Sales) that helps in monitoring what designs are bringing in maximum sales at the retail shops. Store managers are allowed freedom to decide which designs to display and which ones to return, depending on the sales of those designs. Store employees gather feedbacks from the customers and convey the information to headquarters via PDAs. Design teams immediately respond to these feedbacks and begin designing new clothes accordingly. The clothes are manufactured and distributed to the retail stores within a short period of 2 to 4 weeks owing to the vertical integration of its supply chain. While its rivals are busy finding what the latest trends might be and eventually delivering new designs in 4 to 9 months, Zara manages to design, manufacture and distribute new designs in just 30 days. Zara only produces small quantities of each style so that there is continuous demand of popular designs, cutting down on manufacturing costs as well. Thus Zara delivers around 12000 different styles in a year whereas its competitors can produce only 4000-5000 per year. Hence, the company-coined phrase, fast fashion http://www.3isite.com/articles/ImagesFashion_Zara_Part_I.pdf Current Technology in Information Communication Zara spends only 0.5% of its revenue on information technology compared to expenditure of 2% by its competitors. An order form is transmitted to each managers PDA asking for information such as availability of garments and patterns of garment sales. The managers divide this order form into sections that are transmitted to the PDAs of each employee to fill up, based on customers feedback and the kind of designs sold. Employees transmit back their respective completed sections to the managers PDAs. The manager is given total authority to determine which sections are to be retained in the order form. The edited order form is sent back to headquarters where the designing teams start designing according to the requirements. This strategy helps in managing the inventories efficiently and forms a fast link between demand and supply, justifying the doctrine of fast fashion. Summing up Zaras use of technology http://leoborjblog.wordpress.com/2009/08/10/zara-it-for-fast-fashion/: Gather customer requirements PDAs Logistics and transmission of order form POS terminals and modems. Quickly designing new style CAD (Computer Aided Design) Advantages of such an Innovative System Vertical integration of supply chain and short turn-around time lead to high turnover of product. Quick and efficient distribution helps to eliminate warehouse requirement, saving on additional storage costs. Searching the market for latest fashion trends and responding quickly to the consumer requirements with the help of hand-held PDAs. Complete autonomy and flexibility to the employees and managers who are in direct contact with the customers. POS terminals run on DOS operating system, which is cheap and easy to maintain and operate. Zaras operations are quite innovative and effective, but there is still scope for further improvements in its IT operations and inventory management. Perceived limitations of this System http://www.slideshare.net/koffman/zara-case-study-2780928 Zara has have been using DOS as its main operating system in all the processes. It is an outdated operating system. As the POS vendor supplies DOS OS to zara only, it can always stop its supply, while continue to supply other operating systems to its other customers. Store managers are the decision makers. Zara headquarter relies solely on the experience and intuition of the managers. Instead of looking after customers, managers and employees have the time-consuming task of manually entering the garment details in small PDAs. This could result in the employees failing to assist some customers in choosing and might miss out on few garment sales. Inventory is maintained manually as well. Information transmitted is one way only. Managers have no knowledge of the inventories at headquarters and the stores distribution centre. Consequently managers cannot promise a customer if a particular garment that has been sold out, can be replenished and in how many days. Promises made to customers not kept can damage Zaras reputation, so the managers need to know about the garments inventories at headquarters and the distribution centres. There is a great demand for Zaras garments even though new designs are available twice a week. Zara may consider increase in production to meet these ever growing demands. Gathering of information therefore may need to be upgraded in terms of frequency. Its competitors can change to a better OS or software package and increase their turn around time, neutralizing Zaras edge of fast fashion over them. New IT Technology for Sustainability http://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=97642; http://www.slideshare.net/koffman/zara-case-study-2780928 Benefits: New technology may not help Zara in increasing the competitive edge over its competitors but will help in sustaining that edge. A new operating system will help in installing software packages that will help in efficiently maintaining inventory at the stores as well as headquarters and distribution centers. Upgrading to new OS will remove the companys dependency on its current supplier of DOS. Using more than one IT supplier will increase Zaras bargaining power. A Network can be set up between HQ, production centers and retail stores. POS system can be automated so that each sale will automatically update the POS devices. If the POS system of all stores can be interlinked all the store managers can easily know the inventory online and can make and keep their promises to customers demanding a particular garment. POS automation will help reduce overall workload of the employees and managers, as they will not have to manually enter every detail required in the order form. No more large data inputs in small PDAs. Dedicated POS software will ensure that orders will now be made on the basis of theoretical inventories and will be more accurate. Orders can be now placed continually increasing the frequency from twice a week to daily. Ideal software to be used for integration would be ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning). Linking all the process in the supply chain, from HQ, design centers to retail stores, will not only help the managers in accessing inventories but will also help HQ to regulate the supplies more accurately according to the orders placed. Production will become even leaner than before. ECQ (Economic Order Quantity) can help in determining optimal quantities of different garments that customers can order so that the store has sufficient stock, while cutting down inventory cost. Knowing reorder levels will streamline managing of the inventory and help in maintaining the autonomy of the managers. Managers can determine from the reorder levels whether a particular garment needs to be ordered before it will go out of stock and can transmit the same to the production centers that are now linked to the retail outlets. Of course manual checks will still be needed occasionally to check a stores real time inventory is same as the theoretical inventory in case of exceptions like garments getting stolen or gone missing. Designers at HQ will not depend entirely on the managers intuition and can observe themselves sales of new designs due to two-way system integration by ERP. Just in case a store does run out of stock on a particular garment, the manager can easily check the inventories of local nearby stores for availability and suggest the customer to go there. Inter-store connectivity will have added advantage of shipping garments to another store that has more demand of a particular garment. This will further increase the speed-to-market. Besides HQ even managers of different stores will benefit if they know through network what is selling at other stores and what is not. Cost Analysis: Zara will have to upgrade to better OS that will support ERP like Linux, Unix or Windows NT. Implementation cost of Linux is lowest of the three OS. But recurring costs like service-contract is much higher (McAfee et al) http://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=97642. Annual cost of using Unix is the lowest and if functionality remains more or less same, Unix will be best suited. If other costs like plans for systems failure are not taken into consideration then implementation cost will be relatively much lower than prospective ROI (Return On Investment). Risk Analysis: Changing software and operating system in all retail shops world over is not an easy task. Due to location of Zaras retail outlets all over the world, there will be many extra tangible costs. Cost of replacing current POS system with the new one. Cost of installation of new cables in each store and maybe new infrastructure to support the cables. Cost of external IT support, hiring professional consultants. Cost of internal IT management and technical training of personnel. Time period needed to train the personnel till outside assistance is no longer required, cannot be accurately predicted. This is because levels of training and learning will be different at different locations around the world. Knowing other stores inventory may have a drawback. If two stores in the same general area have a demand of same design and employees of one store get to know that only the other store has received the garments due to shortage of supplies, it may lead to a political situation. Risk Reduction: Zara should ensure that managers of different stores, particularly in the same area or district should have good rapport and understanding with each other so that they can ask for and receive garments in the rare but probable case of shortage of supply. Both current and new systems should operate together till the personnel of each store can run the new system smoothly; this will not interrupt any service provided to customers. Zara has a huge pilot outlet that is around 1,500 square meters. Zara can use this as training facility for its personnel from all over the world. Zara can use it to test the new system as well. Zara can hire experienced software professionals and open an in-house department for software management and development. Zara can outsource the management and development to experienced software companies. However Zara will have to trade-off between highly efficient and expensive companies. Zara should form scenarios and identify the possible outcomes. This will provide a deeper understanding of its implementation strategy. Option analysis Zara can consider different options like expand options if the current scenario is favorable or defer options if not favorable. The company can also consider stage options where it can invest in predefined stages of the implementation process. This way it will have the flexibility of abandoning the new project at any stage and reverting to the old DOS system, if any major problem occurs. Implementation staging can be done by first testing the new system at Zara HQ. If successful, further testing can be done in a single district having more than one retail outlet. This process will continue by successively increasing the testing area from one district to number of districts, whole of Spain and finally Europe, if implementation at each stage is successful. Zara should develop a contingency plan and an exit plan as well in case the company cannot continue with the up-gradation, or has to abandon the new system for some reason. Efficient data backup is required in case the new system crashes due to mishandling by inexperienced staff etc. Conclusion By and large, continually increasing the frequency of information within the supply chain will help Zara to meet demand and supply requirements more efficiently and effectively. This efficiency will reflect at the stores and production and distribution centres as well, increasing the speed of delivery and further fulfilling almost every single customers individual tastes and requirements. Consequently it will provide a more firm control over operations and perhaps a more proactive working environment. Assimilating all the data at different stores and supply chain process units, into a single system will facilitate sharing of returns, ordering and sales information. This will result in more accurate stocks measurements and real-time measurements. New innovation in the companys information technology can have some other benefits as well. The ERP system will in a way connect the employees of a store to those at other stores around the world bringing forth a new feeling of integrity. Working on new and advanced applications may well lead to employee satisfaction and a feeling of pride. This can produce a highly motivated and efficient work force. Sustainability is a critical factor in any companys expansion plans, especially in a global company like Zara. Therefore Zara should continually acclimatize its business competencies of product development, promotion, communication and information technology according to its global expansion operations. However it should be noted that Zara has been operating successfully for more than three decades with a decentralized, autonomous (for stores) and informal working culture. Care should be taken in not enforcing too many standardized and regimental tasks. It can easily disrupt the creativity and working relationship of its task force. Innovation and incorporating new technology should not radically change a successful businesss operations, rather it should be used to facilitate it or grease the wheels.

Relationships in Good Country People, by Flannery OConnor Essay

   Flannery O'Connor's "Good Country People" is a story told through the examination of the relationships between the four main characters. All of the characters have distinct feelings about the others, from misunderstanding to contempt. Both Joy-Hulga, the protagonist, and Manley Pointer, the antagonist, are multi-faceted characters. While all of the characters have different levels of complexity, Joy-Hulga and Manley Pointer are the deepest and the ones with the most obvious facades. The first character we encounter is Mrs. Freeman. She is the wife of Mrs. Hopewell's tenant farmer. She is a very outspoken woman, and "she [can] never be brought to admit herself wrong on any point" (O'Connor 180). Mrs. Freeman is a gossip; she is nosy and she "ha[s] a special fondness for the details of secret infections, hidden deformities, assaults upon children" (O'Connor 183). Mrs. Freeman wants to be an authority on everyone else's personal business. She is never shy of sharing the details of her daughters' lives with Mrs. Hopewell. I get the impression that she tells anyone that she meets the intimate details of the lives of Glynese, Carramae, Mrs. Hopewell, and Joy-Hulga. Being a poor tenant farmer's wife, her only weapon is her speech (Enjoiras 36). In order to compete with Mrs. Hopewell, she must be constantly on the look-out for ways to subtly one-up her in the course of their conversations. Asals describes their conversations as "hackneyed one-upmanship" (99). For example, the way they speak to each other one rnorning goes like this: "Everybody is different," Mrs. Hopewell said. "Yes, most people is," Mrs. Freeman said. "It takes all kinds to make the world." "I always said it did myself.... ...f the story proves it. The facades they put on are as essential to "Good Country People" as the mindless conversations between Mrs. Freeman and Mrs. Hopewell. The relationships between these four characters are what make "Good Country People" such a literary success.       Works Cited Asals, Frederick. Flannery O'Connor : The Imagination of Extremity. University of Georgia Press; Reissue edition. Athens, Georgia, 2007. Enjolras, Laurence. Flannery O'Connor's Characters. New York: University Press of America, Inc., 1998. Feeley, Kathleen, S.S.N.D. Flannery O'Connor: Voice of the Peacock. New York: Fordham University Press; 2 edition, 2010. O'Connor, Flannery. The Complete Stories. Thirty-seventh printing. New York: Noonday Press, 1994. Whitt, Margaret Earley. Understanding Flannery O'Connor. University of South Carolina Press, 1997.

A Sartrean Life

Sartre holds that â€Å"existence precedes essence. † A human being is simply what he or she wills to be. Sartre believes that we are defined by what we do. We are what we choose to do. Existentialism is not an easy concept to explain, and Sartre agreed. He summed up existentialism as existence precedes essence. What does that really mean? Sartre explained it using the analogy of the paper cutter. He said that an artisan whose inspiration came from a concept made the paper cutter. The artisan referred to the concept of what a paper cutter was and created it with a known method of production (part of the concept of the cutter) with a routine. The paper cutter was produced a certain way creating on certain use for it. Therefore, the essence (the pre-production intent and method of creation) came before the actual existence of the paper cutter, its intent and plan for production was already determined. Existentialism is the opposite of this. If it were existentialism, the cutter would have been created at random without anyone knowing the intent of it until the artisan determined an intent for the cutter after its production. Following this line of thought, I find myself in a situation where there would be no despair at all because all the hope lies in ones self. I define myself and my purpose in my life and I then take responsibility for my choice by living out my self-determined purpose. . The supreme virtue of existentialism is ultimate choice. This can only have been obtained if I am true to myself. I also have to take responsibility for my own actions because I choose my own actions and must live with the consequences. I can choose what I become and have to live with it, but I can change it to create a better fit if I thought my choice wasn't totally correct. Although Sartre’s philosophy has many advantages and it builds itself on the belief that we create our own choices and we are responsible for ourselves. I believe that many people will not take the challenge or back out in fear of the responsibility. This occurs because there is no way for the people to know for sure that the choice they make as their definition of themselves is correct. This creates a fear in many people, a fear of being wrong and a fear that being wrong could lead to their demise. Sartre admitted there was much anguish in taking the existential challenge because there was no way of knowing one was right. Sartre's advice to the leery was to be human, stick to ones self, and just hope for the best. This was the point where existentialism neared the thin line between philosophy in religion because to take this challenge, people had to have a belief in themselves in order to stick with their choices. Existentialism got much criticism not only because it was mainly atheistic, but also because of the morals it created. Actually, the morals were not created by existentialism, but by existentialists. They created their own morals and values to comply with choosing their own purposes in life. The meaning of their lives directly paralleled the values chosen, in fact Sartre thought that the values chosen is what ones meaning of life was based upon. This idea was strongly criticized by many people because they feared that this could create anarchy. If everyone created their own values, there would be no set laws in which to obey. Sartre stated that ones conscience would be able to determine between right and wrong; and that one could tell if their choice of action served an injustice to another person. Many were very skeptical of this, however; fearing that, for example, backing out of an agreement was acceptable to some, but would not be acceptable to others. In conclusion, despite the large amount of criticism, Sartre was widely followed and looked upon highly by many. He could support his ideas with reason and logic. These ideas appealed to large amounts of people because of the circumstances they were in. The timing of Sartre was part of what created such a large following. Throughout history, change and the following of new and sometimes radical ideas came right after a large disaster in which people were left in despair looking for hope. If there is one thing to remember about existentialism it is that existence precedes essence. If one is an existentialist or not: one gets out of life what one puts in; the meaning of our lives comes not from what happens in our lives, but what we do in them; and every one of us are actors on the stage of life. In closing, Sartre said it best when he commented, â€Å"Man is encompassed by his own existence and there is no exit. â€Å"

Why Bush and Lincoln Both Suspended Habeas Corpus

Why Bush and Lincoln Both Suspended Habeas Corpus On Oct. 17, 2006, President George W. Bush signed a law suspending the right of habeas corpus to persons determined by the United States to be an enemy combatant in the Global War on Terror. President Bushs action drew severe criticism, mainly for the laws failure to specifically designate who in the United States  will determine who is and who is not an enemy combatant. What, Really, a Time of Shame This Is... To President Bushs support for the law the Military Commissions Act of 2006 and its suspension of writs of habeas corpus, Jonathan Turley, professor of constitutional law at George Washington University stated, What, really, a time of shame this is for the American system. What the Congress did and what the president signed today essentially revokes over 200 years of American principles and values. But It Was Not the First Time In fact, the Military Commissions Act of 2006 was not the first time in the history of the U.S. Constitution that its guaranteed right to writs of habeas corpus has been suspended by an action of the President of the United States. In the early days of the U.S. Civil War President Abraham Lincoln suspended writs of habeas corpus. Both presidents based their action on the dangers of war, and both presidents faced sharp criticism for carrying out what many believed to be an attack on the Constitution. There were, however, both similarities and differences between the actions of Presidents Bush and Lincoln. What Is a Writ of Habeas Corpus? A writ of habeas corpus is a judicially enforceable order issued by a court of law to a prison official ordering that a prisoner must  be brought to the court so it can be determined whether or not that prisoner had been lawfully imprisoned and, if not, whether he or she should be released from custody. A habeas corpus petition is a petition filed with a court by a person who objects to his own or anothers detention or imprisonment. The petition must show that the court ordering the detention or imprisonment made a legal or factual error. The right of habeas corpus is the constitutionally bestowed right of a person to present evidence before a court that he or she has been wrongly imprisoned. Where OurRight of Habeas CorpusComes From The right of writs of habeas corpus is granted in Article I, Section 9, clause 2 of the Constitution, which states, The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it. Bushs Suspension of Habeas Corpus President Bush suspended writs of habeas corpus through his support and signing into law of the Military Commissions Act of 2006. The bill grants the President of the United States almost unlimited authority in establishing and conducting military commissions to try persons held by the U.S. and considered to be unlawful enemy combatants in the Global War on Terrorism. In addition, the Act suspends the right of unlawful enemy combatants to present or to have presented in their behalf, writs of habeas corpus. Specifically, the Act states, No court, justice, or judge shall have jurisdiction to hear or consider an application for a writ of habeas corpus filed by or on behalf of an alien detained by the United States who has been determined by the United States to have been properly detained as an enemy combatant or is awaiting such determination. Importantly, the Military Commissions Act does not affect the hundreds of writs of habeas corpus already filed in federal civilian courts on behalf of persons held by the U.S.as unlawful enemy combatants. The Act only suspends the accused persons right to present writs of habeas corpus until after their trial before the military commission has been completed. As explained in a White House Fact Sheet on the Act, ... our courts should not be misused to hear all manner of other challenges by terrorists lawfully held as enemy combatants in wartime. Lincolns Suspension of Habeas Corpus Along with a declaring martial law, President Abraham Lincoln ordered the suspension of the constitutionally protected right to writs of habeas corpus in 1861, shortly after the start of the American Civil War. At the time, the suspension applied only in Maryland and parts of the Midwestern states. In response to the arrest of Maryland secessionist John Merryman by Union troops, then Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Roger B. Taney defied Lincoln s order and issued a writ of habeas corpus demanding that the U.S. Military bring Merryman before the Supreme Court. When Lincoln and the military refused to honor the writ, Chief Justice Taney in Ex-parte MERRYMAN declared Lincolns suspension of habeas corpus unconstitutional. Lincoln and the military ignored Taneys ruling. On Sept. 24, 1862, President Lincoln issued a proclamation suspending the right to writs of habeas corpus nationwide. Now, therefore, be it ordered, first, that during the existing insurrection and as a necessary measure for suppressing the same, all Rebels and Insurgents, their aiders and abettors within the United States, and all persons discouraging volunteer enlistments, resisting militia drafts, or guilty of any disloyal practice, affording aid and comfort to Rebels against the authority of United States, shall be subject to martial law and liable to trial and punishment by Courts Martial or Military Commission: Additionally, Lincolns proclamation specified whose rights of habeas corpus would be suspended: Second. That the Writ of Habeas Corpus is suspended in respect to all persons arrested, or who are now, or hereafter during the rebellion shall be, imprisoned in any fort, camp, arsenal, military prison, or other place of confinement by any military authority of by the sentence of any Court Martial or Military Commission. In 1866, after the end of the Civil War, the Supreme Court officially restored habeas corpus throughout the nation and declared military trials illegal in areas where civilian courts were again able to function. On Oct. 17, 2006, President Bush suspended the constitutionally bestowed right of writs of habeas corpus. President Abraham Lincoln did the same thing 144 years ago. Both presidents based their action on the dangers of war, and both presidents faced sharp criticism for carrying out what many believed to be an attack on the Constitution. But there were some significant differences and similarities in both the circumstances and the details of the two presidents actions. Differences and SimilaritiesRecalling that the Constitution allows for the suspension of habeas corpus when Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it, lets consider some of the differences and similarities between the actions of Presidents Bush and Lincoln. Presidents Bush and Lincoln both acted to suspend habeas corpus under the powers granted to them as Commander in Chief of the U.S. Military during a time of war.President Lincoln acted in the face of an armed rebellion within the United States Ââ€" the U.S. Civil War. President Bushs action was a response to the Global War on Terrorism, considered to have been triggered by the Sept. 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in New York City and the Pentagon. Both presidents, however, could cite Invasion or the much broader term public Safety as constitutional triggers for their actions.President Lincoln suspended habeas corpus unilaterally, while President Bushs suspension of habeas corpus was approved by Congress through the Military Commissions Act.President Lincolns action suspended the habeas corpus rights of U.S. citizens. The Military Commissions Act of 2006, signed by President Bush, stipulates that the right of habeas corpus should be denied only to aliens detained by the United States.Bot h suspensions of habeas corpus applied only to persons held in military prisons and tried before military courts. The habeas corpus rights of persons tried in civilian courts were not affected. Certainly the suspension even if temporary or limited of any right or freedom granted by the U.S. Constitution is a momentous act that should be carried out in only in the face of dire and unanticipated of circumstances. Circumstances like civil wars and terrorist attacks are certainly both dire and unanticipated. But whether one or both, or neither warranted the suspension of the right of writs of habeas corpus remains open for debate.

The Way to Freedom is Alone essays

The Way to Freedom is Alone essays In the 13th chapter of Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes writes ...men have no pleasure, but on the contrary a great deal of grief, in keeping company, where there is no power able to over-awe them all. The unconventional premise that ungoverned humans are solitary beings echoes throughout Hobbes political philosophy. This is a very difficult ideology to have at the center of such a work. The vast majority of the worlds population holds the opposite stance. Most people believe that humans are naturally communal beings. Thomas L. Pangles Political Philosophy and the God of Abraham addresses mans natural inclination to be part of a group. Birds fly in flocks, fish swim in schools, and man has his tribe. That is as natural as you can get. Banishment from ones tribe (once) meant death. Alone, one is assumed susceptible to the attack of foes. Being alone is largely equated with weakness. There is a commonly held fear of being alone. This is why the mindset found in Leviathan is quickly rejected. In order to understand what Hobbes attempts to communicate by stating men have no pleasure...in keeping company, it is essential to establish his alternative to having company. Hobbes statement about men not finding pleasure in the company of others is often dismissed because of a misunderstanding. A reader of Leviathan could easily equate being alone with loneliness. After reading this passage many times in context, one may decide quite the opposite. Hobbes wrote of solitude, rather than loneliness. Solitude is desirable and voluntary, whereas loneliness is unnecessary and involuntary. Superficially the two seem alike, but truly they are very different. Many famous literary works speak highly of solitudes power. Henry David Thoreau wrote in Walden: I never found the companion that was so companionable as solitude. Solitude is not...

Law of Criminal in Germany Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Law of Criminal in Germany - Essay Example 1. The first section of the criminal law suggests that an offense is subject to punishment only when the law establishes the criminal liability before the commission of the act. 2. Law in force determines the penalty of any criminal act during the criminal act 3. If a crime is committed jointly, each shall be liable for his or her criminal act. 4. Any individual who willingly leads another intentionally to a criminal act (abettor) he/she will be confirmed as though he/she was the crime offender. 5. The German law provides for a fixed term incarceration unless the law dictates life imprisonment. 6. The maximum imprisonment for a criminal act is fifteen years and a minimum of one month or term 7. The impacts of the sentence the offender is expected to encounter in the future life will be taken into consideration. 8. The court weighs the circumstances against an for the criminal. Moreover, consideration is also made considering the motives of the offender. Other things considered include the attitude of the offender and force of will degree involved in committing the crime. The consequences of the offender that affect him, the history of the offender and the conduct of the offender after the offence. 9. Conditions that are already legal of the offense should not be considered. 10. The court shall not provide imprisonment of less than six months unless they are special conditions, either in the committed offence or the victim.

The life and beliefs of Amanpreet Gill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The life and beliefs of Amanpreet Gill - Essay Example This is supposed to welcome good spirits that the visitor came with into the home. They do this because according they believe that visitors are forms of good spirits that come to bless a home. Gill’s dad was not an educated man, neither was he academic in nature. However, this did not hither him from encouraging Gill to partake English and other English related courses. Gill took this encouragement seriously and due to her positive attitude, she performed well in her English papers. Interestingly, whenever Gill sat an exam, the teacher would award her 19 Â ½ points out of the total of 20 points. This was very irritating to Gill since she would be forced to write another better composition. One of the most interesting experiences for Gill while in class was when they were having reading sessions. She enjoyed reading and would always express what she was reading on her face. For instance, if the character in the book was angry or scared, she would portray this on her face, cre ating clear images of the character in the minds of her classmates. Gill also enjoyed reading since her teacher always told her class that the more one reads, the more one became knowledgeable and expounded on the vocabulary prowess. This was a tip Gill took seriously and spent every opportunity she got to read and read out loud, something that contributed to her strong command of English. Besides being good in class, Gill took part in other curricular activities. She took part in card making competitions, and painting sessions.

Funeral Service Thanatology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Funeral Service Thanatology - Research Paper Example †¢ Whether or not the person was expected to die at that point or not, i.e. how much notice the bereaved person had in order to prepare themselves, to say their goodbyes, to make arrangements. The circumstances will also affect this , for example if a person commits suicide or is murdered this is obviously more traumatic than if someone very elderly just fades away peacefully. †¢ Their religious faith or lack of it. This may depends not so much on belief as whether or not they regularly attend a place of worship as to the fact that if they do so they will have a strong social support system in place. †¢ The amount of support available to them. Restricted social support tends to produce more problems, as Clute points out with regard to those who have underdeveloped systems of support. ( Clute, 2007) . The loss of someone close can be devastating. People deal with this in many different ways. Anxiety is a natural response - part of humanity’s ‘fight or flight’ response to difficulties. As described by Worden, the biological response to loss is aggression. (2002, page 9) It is a heightening of senses as described by Mind 2012. This reflex results in high levels of adrenaline being released which causes several physical results – an increase in oxygen levels as the heart rate rises in an attempt to get oxygen where the body feels it is needed in order to flee danger. There is a corresponding reduction in appetite as blood is moved away from the digestive system into the muscles. The person can become twitchy, making nervous movements and refusing even necessary food, perhaps even becoming nauseated. They cannot concentrate or relax, so this physical difference makes an emotional impact. Death, even if it was expected, means a loss of control. This will be particularly profound in someone who already has little control over the situation and its implications upon their future. This is

Foreign exchange Essay Example for Free

Foreign exchange Essay As mentioned above, there was a significantly high supply of money in the United States, which characteristically led to depreciation of the United States dollar. In addition, the period was characterized by a high rate of inflation, implying that considerably larger sums of money would be used in buying commodities that would have been bought inexpensively in the earlier period (Atkinson and Hutto). On the international scale, the high cost of United States commodities meant that importers had to pay lots of money to acquire the goods, which ultimately lowered the level of international trade between the United States and other countries (Table 3). Consequently, the United States dollar fluctuated against other world currencies such as the Japanese yen, the Sterling Pound, Chinese yuan and the Australian dollar (Atkinson and Hutto). For instance, the Sterling Pound exchanged at between $1. 9548 and $2. 0442 in 2007 (Table 3), which was a very large variation. period Australia (dollar) Canada (dollar) China, P. R.(yuan) EMU Members (euro) Japan (yen) Mexico (peso) South Korea (won) Sweden (krona) Switzerland (franc) United Kingdom (pound) 2000. .5815 1. 4855 8. 2784 . 9232 107. 80 9. 459 1,130. 90 9. 1735 1. 6904 1. 5156 2001 . 5169 1. 5487 8. 2770 . 8952 121. 57 9. 337 1,292. 02 10. 3425 1. 6891 1. 4396 2002 . 5437 1. 5704 8. 2771 . 9454 125. 22 9. 663 1,250. 31 9. 7233 1. 5567 1. 5025 2003 . 6524 1. 4008 8. 2772 1. 1321 115. 94 10. 793 1,192. 08 8. 0787 1. 3450 1. 6347 2004 . 7365 1. 3017 8. 2768 1. 2438 108. 15 11. 290 1,145. 24 7. 3480 1. 2428 1. 8330 2005 . 7627 1. 2115 8. 1936 1. 2449 110. 11 10. 894 1,023. 75 7. 4710 1. 2459 1. 8204 2006 . 7535 1. 1340 7. 9723 1. 2563 116. 31 10. 906 954. 32 7. 3718 1. 2532 1. 8434 2007 . 8391 1. 0734 7. 6058 1. 3711 117. 76 10. 928 928. 97 6. 7550 1. 1999 2. 0020 2007: I. .7865 1. 1718 7. 7582 1. 3109 119. 33 11. 024 938. 98 7. 0089 1. 2330 1. 9548 II. .8316 1. 0983 7. 6784 1. 3484 120. 80 10. 878 928. 69 6. 8641 1. 2221 1. 9862 III. .8471 1. 0456 7. 5578 1. 3748 117. 74 10. 965 927. 27 6. 7402 1. 1986 2. 0213 IV. .8898 . 9811 7. 4336 1. 4482 113. 23 10. 849 921. 26 6. 4148 1. 1468 2. 0442 2008: I. .9058 1. 0039 7. 1590 1. 5007 105. 17 10. 803 956. 12 6. 2668 1. 0670 1. 9790 II. .9435 1. 0099 6. 9578 1. 5625 104. 62 10. 428 1,017. 02 5. 9862 1. 0316 1. 9712 III . 8879 1. 0411 6. 8375 1. 5030 107. 58 10. 328 1,064. 56 6. 3175 1. 0734 1. 8924 Table 3: Foreign exchange rates between 2000 and 2008 Source: Modified from GPO Access The strong dollar against the yen between 2001 and 2002, which was the beginning of the Bush administration, discouraged importation by Japan from the United States (Atkinson and Hutto). At the same time, citizens of the United States opted to import valuable items such as automobiles at the expense of the locally manufactured ones, thus putting the United States automobile industry in the quagmire in which it is today (OECD). The consequence of this is that major competitors such as the Japanese automakers have adversely affected local automakers such as Ford, and the whole industry has been earmarked for revival in the Economic Stimulus Package (OECD). Interest rates Government bond yields and interest rates generally declined between 2000 and 2008. For instance, the value of bills at auction declined steadily from $ 5. 85 to $1. 01 in 2003, but steadily rose from $1. 38 to $4. 73 in 2006 (GPO Access). The low price of bonds meant that banks were in a position to purchase more government bonds, thus diverting their attention from other financial service users such as borrowers (Crutsinger and Aversa). Ultimately, banks were forced to impose high interest rates on the loans they offered to the public, implying that most small business holders and individuals were crippled by a massive credit crunch (Crutsinger and Aversa). The ensuing credit crunch adversely affected the United States economy particularly towards the ends of the end of the Bush administration (Crutsinger and Aversa). Banks were most affected by the financial woes and this necessitated the Bush administration to consider taking ownership of various banks in a bid to protect them from collapsing (Crutsinger and Aversa). This move was however also ill planned, as it would result in unnecessary government expenditure, resulting into higher inflation in the United States (Hanke). In addition, there was no assurance that with the government’s acquisition of the banks, their performance would improve (Hanke). Conclusion. Even though the world witnessed a massive economic recession, the woes in the United States stemmed from the fact that the Bush administration spent excessively on the war in Iraq and Afghanistan, which generally weakened the performance of most local institutions. The underperformance in various sectors was shown in high rates of unemployment, high inflation, fluctuating levels of money supply and foreign exchange rates as well as high bank interest rates. The combined effect of the various phenomena led to a crisis in the entire United States economy, thus making the Bush administration one of the worst leaderships of the United States. References Atkinson Robert D and Julie Hutto 18October 2004. Bush vs. Clinton: An Economic Performance Index. 10 March 2009. http://www. ppionline. org/ppi_ci. cfm? knlgAreaID=107subsecID=295contentID=252964 Crutsinger, Martin and Aversa, Jeannine 8 October 2008. Bush administration mulls bank stakes. 10 March 2009. http://www. freep. com/article/20081008/BUSINESS07/81008120/1015/BUSINESS02/Bush+administration+mulls+bank+stakes Curl, Joseph. 23 Oct. 2008 McCain lambastes Bush years. 10 March 2009. http://www. washingtontimes. com/news/2008/oct/23/mccain-lambastes-bush-years/ GPO Access . Civilian unemployment rate. 10 March 2009. http://www. gpoaccess. gov/eop/2009/B42. xls GPO Access . Money stock and debt measures, 1965–2008. 10 March 2009 http://www. gpoaccess. gov/eop/2009/B69. xls GPO Access. Bond yields and interest rates, 1929–2008. 10 March 2009. http://www. gpoaccess. gov/eop/2009/B73. xls GPO Access. Changes in consumer price indexes for commodities and services, 1929–2007. 10 March 2009. http://www. gpoaccess. gov/eop/2009/B64. xls GPO Access. Foreign exchange rates, 1985–2008. 10 March 2009. http://www. gpoaccess. gov/eop/2009/B110. xls. Hanke, Steve H. September 24, 2008 The Bush Legacy: Deflation or Inflation? 10 March 2009. http://www. cato. org/pub_display. php? pub_id=9663 Irwin, Neil and Eggen, Dan. 12 Jan. 2009. The Washington Post. Economy Made Few Gains in Bush Years: Eight-Year Period Is Weakest in Decades. http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-dyn/content/story/2009/01/12/ST2009011200359. html National Organization for Women. 27 August 2004. Bushs Economic Failure Weakens Middle Class, Deepens Poverty and Harms Women and Families. 10 March 2009. http://www. now. org/press/08-04/08-27. html OECD. Macroeconomic indicators. 10 March 2009. http://stats. oecd. org/mei/default. asp? lang=esubject=15country=USA Robinson, Woodward, Gellman. Timeline: Bushs Eight Years in Office. 10 March 2009. http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-srv/politics/bush/legacy/timeline Shi, Leiyu and Stevens Gregory D. Vulnerable Populations in the United States. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2004 The High Cost of Health Care. 25 November 2007. The New York Times. 10 March 2009. http://www. nytimes. com/2007/11/25/opinion/25sun1. html? _r=1 United states Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics. 10 March 2009 http://www. bls. gov/.

George Washingtons Life :: essays research papers fc

George Washington was born on February 22, 1732 in Westmoreland County, Virginia. George Washington inherited much more than a good mind and a strong body. He belonged to an old colonial family that believed in hard work, public service and in worshiping God. Washington's father, Augustine Washington was born in 1694 and died in 1743. He had four children with his first wife, Jane Butler Washington. She died in 1729. In March 1731, Augustine married Mary Ball. She was George's mother. Mary was born in 1709 and died in 1789. Some people think of George Washington as a young boy who chopped down a cherry tree. Some also think he could throw coins across the Rappahannock River. Many people laugh when they think of his false teeth. Almost everybody believes that he was the first president of our country. Only one of these facts are true. Washington did have false teeth. His false teeth were made of whale bone and deer antlers. He never chopped down a cherry tree, and unless his pitching arm was better than that of any professional baseball player, he could have never thrown anything across the river. The most startling fact is that he wasn't even the first president. Our first president was John Hanson. He was elected president of the thirteen states in the Confederation. After Hanson, there were more before Washington. There was Elias Boudinot, Thomas Mifflin, Richard Henery and Cyrus Griffin. At the age of 17, Washington began traveling across rivers, mountains and Indian trails to remote parts of Virginia. He learned to survive in the wilderness. When Washington was 20, his brother Lawrence died and Washington became the owner of Mount Vernon. At the age of 21, he fought heroically in the French and Indian War which raged in Canada. He began his military career in late 1752 as an adjutant for the Virginia Military. After that he became a British officer in the French Indian War. In 1775, he was almost killed while serving as an aide to General Edward Braddock. Three years later, Washington was elected to the Virginia House of Burgeses. He then served as Justice of the Peace for Fairfay County. He resigned from the military with the rank of Colonel. As a young man, Washington was a romantic. He fell in love many times. He was rejected twice before he met the woman he finally married.

Healthcare Technology Essay

In such a short period of time we have seen the healthcare industry go from paper tracking to technological tracking. We continue to see healthcare care drastically each year. The article I am reviewing is an article put out by Forbes in the beginning of 2013. Even though we have seen the many transformations when it comes to technology and healthcare, this article touches on five, which I will talk about more here shortly. It is an amazing idea that potentially five years from now that we could be totally paperless in the healthcare world. Four years ago the IT departments of healthcare had a mere $343 million invested considering the potential of what was to come (Forbes, Lee 2013). Since then venture capitalists have tripled their investments into the health care IT and sunk $955 million (Forbes, Lee 2013). The article expresses that the federal government is even going to be sinking some major money into hospitals and medical offices to digitize health care. It all comes to a ver y good point mentioned in the article. â€Å"All of these VCs are now starting to put money into the space. And as we start getting some big wins, we’re going to see this accelerate,† said Aza Raskin, cofounder of Massive Health — a startup developing a mobile app to encourage healthier eating and other health-related tools — in an interview with Fast Company. â€Å"The smartest minds of our generation shouldn’t be working on getting us more addicted to Facebook or Twitter; they should be working on helping us get — and stay — healthy† (Forbes, Lee 2013). What would people think when they are told that a machine helped their doctor figure out their diagnosis and the best possible treatment for them? Most will think it is absolute craziness, right? Funny that is brought up because researchers with the IBM corporation are currently developing a state of the art computer system that will take a doctors data and come up with the best possible outcome of a diagnosis would be for the patient. They are calling this major technological advancement Watson, and known to the medical field as Dr. Watson (Forbes, Lee 2013). This machine will be able to not only help assess the projected diagnosis of a patient, but also to keep tabs on a patients history, and allow the doctors to keep up with the latest and greatest abilities to treat patients. How often have we all been at work and have had to deal with someone that spoke a language we were unable to understand or speak for that matter? In the medical field it is  hard to track down one person i n a hospital that can speak Cantonese, Russian, German, Japanese, or many other languages that are less frequented in our day to day lives. Well, welcome Omnifluent Health! This product was developed by the Science Applications International Corporation, or the SAIC, to help with translation process in the healthcare field (Forbes, Lee 2013). This is a huge step considering doctors could just whip out there cell phones and ask a question into the microphone and get a quick translation. We would be able to break the language barrier between patients and healthcare workers. We have so many social media sites on the web now a days. Facebook, MySpace, LinkedIn, Twitter, G Plus, and many others. That is how we stay connected to friends and family. Now physicians have a â€Å"physicians only† media site that will allow them to contact one another in regards to taking better care of their patients. It is called Doximity (Forbes, Lee 2013). The funding for the project is at $27 million currently (Forbes, Lee 2013). I hate to have to sit in an ER for hours on end in the middle of the night to be seen for a rapid asthma onset, or with a child running a high fever and vomiting just to be told that there are over the counter remedies available at the 24 hour big box retail giant less than 10 miles away. It would be nice to be able to pop into a chat, or call where I can talk to a healthcare professional about what is going on and have a response without having to get out of a comforting place, like home, and sit for hours in a cold ER waiting room. There is now a system that gives patients the opportunity to have a medical consultation via phone or online. It is a startup company out of New York City called Sherpaa (Forbes, Le e 2013). If you were to type in â€Å"diet apps† in your Google Play Store tons of apps would pop up that are there to help you count calories, track weight loss, track exercise time and calories burned, and so on and so forth. One that the article talks about it Fitbit. It is a pedometer that tracks the sleeping patterns and activities of a person (Forbes, Lee 2013). Another one it talks about is Lark. Lark is a silent alarm clock and sleep monitor that tracks and analyzes the quality of sleep a person gets over time (Forbes, Lee 2013). In this day of technological advances there is no surprise at the countless ones that are in place in regards to the health care industry. With the amount of change from paper charting to digitized charting methods, egg timers on when med  pass is compared to computer pop ups, from easy access to patients meds to secured sign in procedures to acquire the meds, and from sitting in a waiting room for countless hours on end to picking up your phone and making a quick call is all proof that it has been time for a change in medical technology for a long time now. We are entering a new time for health care and to some, it is the era of Health 2.0 (Forbes, Lee 2013) References Lee, Ellen (2013). 5 Ways Technology Is Transforming Health Care. http://www.forbes.com/sites/bmoharrisbank/2013/01/24/5-ways-technology-is-transforming-health-care/

Child Development Not Following Expected Pattern

UNDERSTAND CHILD AND YOUNG PERSONS DEVELOPMENT Unit 022 Outcome 3 Understand how to monitor children and young people’s development and interventions that should take place if this is not following the expected pattern 2 Explain the reasons why children and young people’s development may not follow the expected pattern There are many reasons and factors why a child is not following the expected pattern of development. For example the child may be emotionally unsettled due to a number of reasons. Family life plays a significant part in a child’s development.If for instance the child is living with parents who constantly argue and fight this will have an effect on the child and cause stress. Also if the child is from a one parent family there may be difficulties as a parent trying to juggle everything on their own may not have as much time to spend nurturing and boosting a child’s development. The child may be at a disadvantage environmentally due to poor ho using or area in which they live. If a house is poorly heated the child may experience bad health due to dampness. Or the child may be living in cramp conditions and unable to play and explore so easily.Not so well off families may be living in poorer areas with little access to amenities which can cause stress to parents which will affect the child’s development. Some children have a poor diet and this can affect their growth and thus affect the physical side of development. There have been many studies on diet and its effects and results have shown that a child who has a nutritious and healthy diet achieves more in life. It is difficult for a family on a low income to promote a healthy diet for their child and thus can result in poorer health and physical issues.Also some children’s genetic code may affect the pattern in which they develop. This could mean that they are slower to develop but no reason is found. There are also cultural issues that may affect a childâ €™s development. Families differ from one to another and the way a child is brought up will also differ from one to another. What one family may deem to be ok another would disagree. For example one family may allow their child more freedom and let them play outside in the street whereas another would keep the child in the confines of the garden only.This is also true in the case of an older child for instance a teenager. One may be allowed the independence and freedom of coming in late and another is not. All these decisions made by parents and carers can affect their child’s development. A child may be prevented from developing by a disability. This may also affect the child in several areas of development. A child with a physical disability may not have much movement and will be unable to join in with outdoor games and sports.However with the right support and equipment the child will be able to participate so early intervention is vital for the child’s physical and emotional wellbeing. 2 There are many reasons why a child may have learning difficulties. The child may have had difficulties at birth or the problems may be genetic. Having a learning difficulty will affect development in a child. The child may need one to one help with reading, writing and arithmetic and support with other activities. Such children may find it hard to interact with other children and may also develop low self-esteem as they struggle academically.The level of a child’s communication skills can have an effect on most areas of development. If a child is struggling with communication and language they may get upset easily and start behaving negatively. This will cause the child to get frustrated and unable to complete tasks set for them. Lack of concentration in certain activities may be a problem too leaving the child unable to take in the information needed to finish the school work. For the child to read and write good communication skills are also need ed.